Korean Journal of Health Promotion

Moon, Choi, Lee, Kim, An, Park, and Jung: Association of Metabolic Syndrome with Whole Milk and Low Fat Milk: Using Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2015

Original Article: Published online: December 28, 2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15384/kjhp.2017.17.4.234; Association of Metabolic Syndrome with Whole Milk and Low Fat Milk: Using Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2015; Hyun-Chul Moon, Da-Hye Choi, Tae-Young Lee, Taek-Young Kim, Young-In An, Seong-Jee Park, Myung-Chul Jung; Department of Family Medicine, Daejeon Veterans Hospital, Daejeon, Korea.; Corresponding author: Da-Hye Choi, MS, MD. Department of Family Medicine, Daejeon Veterans Hospital, 147 Daecheong-ro 82beon-gil, Daedeok-gu, Daejeon 34314, Korea.
Tel: +82-42-939-0314, Fax: +82-42-939-0567, lovejerry55@naver.com; Received September 28, 2017 Accepted November 16, 2017; Copyright © 2017 Korean Society for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

ABSTRACT

Background: Korean milk consumption and low-fat milk sales are steadily increasing. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of metabolic syndrome according to the type of milk.

Methods: The subjects included 5,553 persons who aged 19 to 64 years, from the data of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2013–2015. All subjects were divided by intake of type of milk that are ‘whole milk intake group’, ‘low-fat milk intake group’ and ‘no milk intake grou’p. And the subects were classified as 19-39 years old and 40-64 years old. In order to check differences of demo-sociographic characteristics and metabolic risk factors in three groups, the data was analyzed by chi-square test, t-test and binary logistic regression analysis.

Results: For subjects aged 40–64, whole milk intake group had lower relevance with metabolic syndrome than no milk intake group (odds ratio [OR] 0.807, P=0.035, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.660–0.985). But low fat milk intake group was't relevant (OR 0.879, P=0.350, 95% CI 0.670–1.152). Looking at the 19-39 year-old subjects, whole milk and low fat milk intake group were not associated with metaboic syndrome (OR 1.023, P=0.911, 95% CI 0.686–1.525; OR 1.547, P=0.103, 95% CI 0.915–2.617).

Conclusions: The results of this study show that whole milk intake is less relevant to the metabolic syndrome than no milk intake. Low fat milk intake was not relevant. More researches are needed to determine the effects of low fat milk and whole milk on metabolic syndrome.

Key words: Milk; Korea National health and nutrition examination survey; Metabolic syndrome

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Figure 1

Flow chart for the criteria used in selection of the subjects.

Abbreviation: KNHANES, the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Table 1

General characteristics and metabolic risk factors of all subjects

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HDL, high density lipoprotein.

Values are presented as weighted percent±standard error percent or mean±standard error.

Table 2

Comparison of metabolic risk factors between three categories of subjects by milk intake

Abbreviation: HDL, high density lipoprotein.

Values are presented as weighted percent±standard error percent. P-values were obtained by χ²-test.

Table 3

Comparison of metabolic risk factors according to sex and milk intake

Abbreviation: HDL, high density lipoprotein.

Values are presented as weighted percent±standard error percent. P-values were obtained by χ²-test.

Table 4

Binary logistic regression analysis for metabolic syndrome by age group

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

P-values were obtained by binary logistic regression analysis adjusted for sex, smoking, drinking and physical activity.