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Park, Kim, Yoon, Kim, Choi, Lee, and Ju: Correlation between Coarse Airborne Particulate Matter and Mortality Rates of Malignant Neoplasm

Original Article

Published online: January 20, 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15384/kjhp.2016.16.4.215

Correlation between Coarse Airborne Particulate Matter and Mortality Rates of Malignant Neoplasm

Kyung-Ho Park, Ji-Hyun Kim, Hong-Sun Yoon, In-Hwa Kim, In-Mok Choi, Je-Young Lee, Mi-Kyeong Ju

Department of Family Medicine, BHS Hanseo Hospital, Busan, Korea

Corresponding author: Ji-Hyun Kim, MD Department of Family Medicine, BHS Hanseo Hospital, 615 Suyeong-ro, Suyeong-gu, Busan 48253, Korea
Tel: +82-70-7321-0270, Fax: +82-51-751-4372 E-mail: kjh77960@hanmail.net

Received September 13, 2016       Accepted October 17, 2016

Copyright © 2016 The Korean Society of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
ABSTRACT
Background
There have been growing interests in harmful effects of dust particles on human health. It has been reported that dust particles negatively affected respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Relationship of dust particles and lung cancer incidence was also investigated. However, there is a lack of studies regarding the relationship between dust particles and cancers except for lung cancer. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship of dust particle concentration and cancer mortality in Korea.
Methods
Average concentration of coarse dust particles (particulate matter 10, PM10) of 2008–2014 were obtained from AirKorea website and cancer mortality was found in Statistics Korea for 2008–2014. Correlation analyses using PM10 and cancer mortality were performed. Age-adjusted death rate (AADR) was used for correlation analysis because a number of death and mortality rate do not reflect population and age of death. Regional annual PM10 was matched with AADR of identical area. Correlation between two variables was presented in scatter plots and Pearson's correlation analysis was performed.
Results
PM10 concentration was positively correlated with AADR of malignant neoplasm, lung cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer, uterus cancer, and leukemia. PM10 concentration was significantly correlated with AADR of malignant neoplasm (r=0.247, P=0.009), lung cancer (r=0.277, P=0.003), stomach cancer (r=0.434, P=0.000), colon cancer (r=0.377, P=0.000), and uterus cancer (r=0.226, P=0.017).
Conclusion
This study suggested that cancer patients or high-risk group for cancer should pay attention to PM10 concentration. Large-scale studies should investigate the relationship of PM10 concentration and cancer incidence including cancer mortality to extend understanding of this cross-section study.

Key words: Airborne particulate matter; Concentration; Cancer; Mortality; Correlation study

Figure 1.
Changes in annual average of coarse particles (particulate matter 10: particles whose aerodynamic diameters are less than or equal to 10 µm).
kjhp-16-215f1.tif
Figure 2.
Pearson's correlation analysis of PM10 (particulate matter 10: particles whose aerodynamic diameters are less than or equal to 10 µm) concentrationand age adjusted death rates of malignant neoplasms, lung cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer, uterus cancer, and leukemia.
kjhp-16-215f2.tif
Table 1.
Number of death, death rate, age adjusted death rate of cancera
  Year Number of regions Number of death Death rateb Age adjusted death ratec
Malignant 2008 16 4307.0±3343.9 150.8±35.0 126.7±8.8
neoplasms 2009 16 4361.2±3424.8 151.8±35.0 122.7±9.2
  2010 16 4503.0±3572.5 156.7±36.5 121.1±6.1
  2011 16 4473.7±3572.6 154.6±34.6 115.3±6.0
  2012 16 4596.5±3707.0 158.5±34.8 113.6±5.1
  2013 16 4694.4±3837.7 160.7±32.3 110.6±4.8
  2014 16 4773.6±3893.9 162.7±35.3 107.2±5.3
  Total 112 4529.9±3530.8 156.5±34.1 116.7±9.2
Lung cancer 2008 16 924.4±691.3 32.8±9.9 26.8±3.1
  2009 16 932.4±684.1 33.1±10.4 25.9±3.3
  2010 16 976.6±726.7 34.6±9.7 26.1±2.4
  2011 16 991.7±761.1 35.0±9.8 25.1±2.0
  2012 16 1037.5±797.8 36.3±10.0 25.1±2.2
  2013 16 1070.3±816.4 37.7±9.3 24.9±1.7
  2014 16 1086.6±836.9 37.6±10.2 23.9±2.2
  Total 112 1002.8±742.8 35.3±9.8 25.4±2.6
Stomach cancer 2008 16 644.5±484.1 22.8±5.7 19.2±2.2
  2009 16 633.4±485.6 22.1±5.7 17.7±1.9
  2010 16 626.9±489.0 22.0±5.6 16.9±1.7
  2011 16 607.4±469.1 21.1±5.3 15.7±2.0
  2012 16 581.7±463.9 20.0±5.2 14.2±1.8
  2013 16 571.9±460.3 19.6±4.4 13.5±1.3
  2014 16 554.8±431.7 19.2±4.6 12.6±1.1
  Total 112 602.9±457.7 21.0±5.3 15.7±2.8
Colon cancer 2008 16 428.4±353.0 14.9±2.8 12.6±1.4
  2009 16 444.1±381.0 15.0±3.1 12.2±1.4
  2010 16 481.3±418.0 16.1±3.5 12.3±1.5
  2011 16 482.6±407.5 16.4±3.3 12.1±1.3
  2012 16 511.1±432.8 17.4±3.7 12.1±0.8
  2013 16 515.3±442.5 17.5±3.5 11.8±1.0
  2014 16 523.3±441.7 17.7±3.7 11.3±1.2
  Total 112 483.7±402.2 16.4±3.5 12.1±1.3
Uterus cancer 2008 16 78.8±68.5 2.7±0.5 2.3±0.3
  2009 16 78.6±66.3 2.6±0.6 2.2±0.5
  2010 16 79.5±74.3 2.6±0.5 2.1±0.4
  2011 16 80.9±68.3 2.7±0.6 2.1±0.3
  2012 16 75.9±69.3 2.6±0.4 2.0±0.4
  2013 16 76.8±71.5 2.5±0.6 1.8±0.3
  2014 16 80.9±74.0 2.7±0.5 2.0±0.3
  Total 112 78.8±68.5 2.6±0.5 2.1±0.4
Leukemia 2008 16 94.2±82.0 3.2±0.7 2.9±0.4
  2009 16 96.4±87.5 3.2±0.7 2.8±0.5
  Total 32 95.3±83.4 3.2±0.7 2.8±0.5

aValues are means±standard deviation.

bPer 100,000.

cPer standardized population100,000.

Table 2.
Kendall's tau-b correlation coefficient of PM10 (particulate matter 10: particles whose aerodynamic diameters are less han or equal to 10 µm)concentrationand age adjusted death rates of cancer in regions of South Korea from 2008 to 2014
  Malignant Lung Stomach Colon Liver Uterus Meninges and brain Esophagus Breast Prostate Pancreas
  neoplasm cancer cancer cancer cancer cancer cancer cancer cancer cancer cancer
  CCa P CCa P CCa P CCa P CCa P CCa P CCa P CCa P CCa P CCa P CCa P
Seoul 0.810b 0.011 –0.048 0.881 0.714b 0.024 0.429 0.176 0.905b 0.004 0.350 0.282 0.169 0.622 0.126 0.724 –0.050 0.878 0.050 0.878 –0.429 0.176
Busan 0.514 0.117 0.206 0.530 0.514 0.117 –0.053 0.874 0.514 0.117 0.649 0.055 0.264 0.428 –0.433 0.200 0.252 0.480 0.114 0.741 –0.206 0.530
Daegu 0.781b 0.015 0.586 0.068 0.781b 0.015 0.488 0.129 0.450 0.167 0.250 0.442 –0.616 0.062 –0.369 0.267 –0.098 0.761 –0.410 0.214 –0.250 0.442
Daejeon 0.586 0.068 0.685b 0.041 0.488 0.129 0.650b 0.046 0.195 0.543 0.350 0.282 –0.103 0.756 0.050 0.878 0.150 0.645 0.100 0.759 –0.195 0.543
Gwangju 0.810b 0.011 0.000 1.000 0.781b 0.015 –0.206 0.530 0.524 0.099 0.098 0.761 0.150 0.645 0.150 0.645 –0.350 0.282 –0.250 0.442 –0.143 0.652
Incheon 0.683b 0.033 0.586 0.068 0.586 0.068 0.098 0.761 0.550 0.091 0.564 0.087 0.158 0.634 –0.205 0.534 –0.293 0.362 0.150 0.645 –0.150 0.645
Ulsan 0.651b 0.046 0.651b 0.046 0.951b 0.003 0.851b 0.009 0.651b 0.046 0.108 0.751 0.158 0.637 0.308 0.351 0.053 0.875 0.053 0.875 0.250 0.442
Chungcheongnam-do 0.683b 0.033 0.488 0.129 0.878b 0.006 0.390 0.224 0.781b 0.015 0.000 1.000 –0.256 0.437 0.154 0.641 –0.450 0.167 0.150 0.645 –0.250 0.442
Chungcheongbuk-do 0.451 0.167 0.410 0.214 0.551 0.091 0.718b 0.030 0.551 0.091 –0.050 0.878 –0.053 0.875 0.308 0.351 0.000 1.000 –0.410 0.214 0.150 0.645
Gangwon-do 0.451 0.167 –0.050 0.878 0.451 0.167 –0.513 0.120 0.551 0.091 0.462 0.162 0.000 1.000 0.000 1.000 –0.103 0.756 –0.223 0.517 0.308 0.351
Gyeonggi-do 0.751b 0.021 0.551 0.091 0.751b 0.021 0.433 0.200 0.651b 0.046 0.632 0.059 0.237 0.502 0.723b 0.035 –0.263 0.432 0.178 0.608 –0.501 0.145
Gyeongsangnam-do –0.053 0.874 –0.159 0.634 –0.053 0.874 –0.159 0.634 –0.053 0.874 –0.053 0.874 0.325 0.336 –0.217 0.521 0.000 1.000 0.457 0.190 0.651 0.054
Gyeongsangbuk-do 0.195 0.543 0.098 0.761 0.195 0.543 –0.205 0.534 0.050 0.878 –0.050 0.878 –0.308 0.351 0.308 0.351 0.195 0.543 0.450 0.167 0.350 0.282
Jeju-do 0.000 1.000 –0.150 0.645 0.683b 0.033 –0.195 0.543 0.390 0.224 –0.154 0.641 –0.350 0.282 –0.158 0.634 –0.350 0.282 –0.350 0.282 –0.050 0.878
Jeollabuk-do 0.619 0.051 0.810b 0.011 0.714b 0.024 –0.524 0.099 0.619 0.051 0.514 0.117 –0.411 0.210 0.651b 0.046 –0.150 0.645 –0.429 0.176 –0.048 0.881
Jeollanam-do 0.053 0.874 0.265 0.427 0.265 0.427 0.108 0.748 0.108 0.748 –0.294 0.403 –0.217 0.521 0.250 0.481 –0.217 0.521 0.217 0.521 –0.171 0.620

Kendall's tau-b (τb) correlation coefficient.

bStatistically significant correlation.

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