The Effect of Circuit Training and Workplace Improvement Program on the Prevention of Metabolic Syndrome and the Improvement of Physical Function in Office Workers
- Dong Hyun Yoon1, Han Sol Song1, Su Seung Hwang1, Jun Seok Son1, Dae-Young Kim1, Wook Song1,2,
- Received December 16, 2015 Accepted June 02, 2016
- ABSTRACT
-
- Background
- Physical inactivity and reduced energy expenditure lead to increase in obesity among office workers. In this study, we investigated how 10 weeks of high intensity circuit training and working environment improvement can change body composition, physical strength and markers of metabolic syndrome.
- Methods
- A total of 83 employees at risk for metabolic syndrome participated in 10 weeks program of one-hour circuit training (30 minutes twice weekly) and workplace improvement program, which consisted of dynamic stretching twice daily for all weekdays. Body composition, anthropometry, blood test, muscle strength/endur-ance and cardiopulmonary function of participants were assessed at the baseline and after 10 weeks.
- Results
- At the end of 10 weeks, significant increases in levels of body composition, serum lipids, muscle strength and cardiopulmonary were observed in metabolic syndrome risk factor group. In body composition, significant improvements of body weight, body mass index, lean body mass, %body fat, visceral adipose tissue, waist and hip circumference and systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure were observed in metabolic syndrome risk factor group. In lipids, hemoglobin A1c and high density lipoprotein were increased significantly in metabolic syndrome risk factor group. In muscle strength and endurance, significant increases were found. Also, there was a significant difference in cardiovascular function of maximal oxygen uptake and total running time among the groups.
- Conclusions
- These intensive 10 weeks of high intensity circuit training and workplace improvement program were effective in improving body composition, muscle strength/improvement and cardiopulmonary function. Therefore, based on this study result, workplace improvement programs might be more developed and applied for high-risk employees to improve their metabolic syndrome.
Table 1.
Characteristics and changes in body composition/anthropometry of subjects
| A (n = 16) | B (n = 13) | C (n = 16) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Pa | Post | Pa | Pre | Post | Pa | ||
| Age, y | 45.88±8.91 | 44.20±7.10 | 41.06±6.59 | ||||||
| Height, cm2 | 170.19±3.0 | 172.96±2.9 | 174.63±3.9 | ||||||
| Weight, kg | 82.63±12.0 | 81.83±12.0 | 0.020 | 78.25±6.2 | 76.12±6.6 | 0.006 | 81.23±9.1 | 80.27±8.7 | 0.009 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.42±2.9 | 28.13±3.0 | 0.022 | 26.38±1.0 | 25.42±1.5 | 0.004 | 26.61±2.1 | 26.28±2.0 | 0.009 |
| BMD, g/cm2 | 1.18±0.10 | 1.19±0.10 | 0.074 | 1.17±0.09 | 1.17±0.10 | 0.248 | 1.16±0.1 | 1.14±0.1 | 0.023 |
| Lean Mass, kg | 48.528±8.85 | 52.745±9.12 | 0.000 | 49.853±4.91 | 56.191±5.41 | 0.001 | 49.606±7.5 | 54.189±8.4 | 0.001 |
| Body fat, % | 32.49±3.7 | 28.34±4.1 | 0.000 | 25.91±3.0 | 19.54±2.3 | 0.001 | 29.19±5.9 | 25.12±6.3 | 0.001 |
| VAT Area, cm2 | 149.59±33.8 | 133.19±34.6 | 0.001 | 109.79±14.3 | 80.25±12.2 | 0.001 | 132.43±27.0 | 114.07±27.1 | 0.001 |
| Waist circ., cm | 97.38±7.5 | 93.50±6.6 | 0.001 | 92.85±3.4 | 88.46±4.1 | 0.001 | 96.19±4.9 | 92.06±4.1 | <0.001 |
| Hip circ., cm | 105.44±5.5 | 102.34±4.4 | 0.001 | 101.62±3.7 | 98.92±3.2 | 0.007 | 103.81±5.0 | 100.75±4.4 | 0.001 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 128.94±12.2 | 135.81±18.8 | 0.088 | 130.23±8.3 | 124.38±8.5 | 0.025 | 132.44±6.9 | 127.81±10.5 | 0.105 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 86.94±7.1 | 84.06±11.6 | 0.245 | 84.08±6.6 | 74.31±6.8 | 0.003 | 84.25±10.8 | 82.44±6.5 | 0.409 |
Table 2.
Changes in blood profiles of subjects
| A (n = 16) | B (n = 13) | C (n = 16) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Pa | Pre | Post | Pa | Pre | Post | Pa | |
| Cholesterol, mg/dL | 202.13±34.3 | 203.13±32.5 | 0.691 | 192.15±29.4 | 192.00±29.0 | 0.972 | 201.31±31.9 | 200.00±34.4 | 0.737 |
| TG, mg/dL | 165.25±91.9 | 164.00±69.9 | 0.836 | 156.31±71.6 | 130.38±57.2 | 0.442 | 207.81±102.2 | 156.25±61.1 | 0.063 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 50.5±16.0 | 51.94±15.9 | 0.441 | 48.15±11.1 | 52.77±12.7 | 0.007 | 47.31±15.0 | 49.81±12.6 | 0.070 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 131.81±35.6 | 133.31±28.8 | 0.569 | 128.62±23.9 | 125.31±27.2 | 0.600 | 127.63±31.9 | 130.44±32.2 | 0.518 |
| HbA1c mol/mol | 6.48±1.2 | 6.09±0.7 | 0.001 | 5.69±0.2 | 5.51±0.2 | 0.009 | 5.91±0.3 | 5.76±0.3 | 0.035 |
Table 3.
Changes in muscle strength and muscle endurance
| A (n = 16) | B (n = 13) | C (n = 16) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Pa | Pre | Post | Pa | Pre | Post | Pa | |
| 60°/sec peak torque (Nm) / %BW | |||||||||
| Extensor | 204.6±34.0 | 217.4±35.9 | 0.006 | 230.5±19.9 | 241.5±20.5 | 0.023 | 215.8±45.2 | 230.4±47.0 | 0.025 |
| Flexor | 105.8±19.3 | 111.4±17.7 | 0.047 | 130.3±24.4 | 140.5±25.1 | 0.040 | 115.6±32.1 | 124.9±30.9 | 0.009 |
| Ratio | 52.5 | 51.2 | 56.5 | 58.1 | 53.5 | 54.2 | |||
| 60°/sec average power per repetition (W) / %BW | |||||||||
| Extensor | 131.2±20.1 | 140.5±24.3 | 0.006 | 145.9±15.1 | 158.9±14.3 | 0.004 | 140.5±31.5 | 152.6±28.9 | 0.011 |
| Flexor | 79.3±15.4 | 86.6±15.21 | 0.016 | 100.6±18.5 | 108.6±18.3 | 0.009 | 89.4±24.0 | 97.5±24.6 | 0.014 |
| Ratio | 60.4 | 61.6 | 68.9 | 68.3 | 63.6 | 63.8 | |||
| 240°/sec average torque (Nm) / %BW | |||||||||
| Extensor | 218.4±53.9 | 241.1±46.8 | 0.016 | 246.2±27.9 | 266.2±28.9 | 0.025 | 222.7±61.3 | 265.8±57.5 | 0.000 |
| Flexor | 113.3±29.8 | 125.5±32.5 | 0.033 | 139.1±35.0 | 159.8±27.7 | 0.006 | 125.4±35.7 | 153.1±41.7 | 0.001 |
| Ratio | 51.8 | 52.0 | 56.4 | 60.0 | 56.3 | 57.5 | |||
| 240°/sec total work done (Nm) | |||||||||
| Extensor | 1409.3±309.7 | 1563.1±253.4 | 0.001 | 1531.2±155.1 | 1771.4±166.0 | 0.001 | 1366.1±313.0 | 1692.3±333.1 | 0.000 |
| Flexor | 701.5±192.5 | 779.2±269.8 | 0.105 | 845.2±241.8 | 1043.1±164.8 | 0.013 | 793.4±187.0 | 940.6±248.5 | 0.002 |
| Ratio | 49.7 | 49.8 | 55.1 | 58.8 | 58.0 | 55.5 | |||
| Grip strength (kg) | |||||||||
| 40.5±9.1 | 39.5±8.6 | 0.214 | 42.6±4.9 | 43.05±5.6 | 0.507 | 39.7±7.7 | 41.5±7.5 | 0.103 | |
Table 4.
Changes in cardiovascular capacity of subjects
| A (n = 16) | B (n = 13) | C (n = 16) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Pa | Pre | Post | Pa | Pre | Post | Pa | |
| VO2max, mL·kg·min | 32.19±4.0 | 36.54±4.1 | 0.000 | 34.65±3.1 | 39.1±2.8 | 0.001 | 30.93±4.8 | 35.02±6.4 | 0.002 |
| mL·kg·min | |||||||||
| LT, s | 306.5±123.2 | 280.5±109.3 | 0.110 | 308.4±81.6 | 301.3±109.1 | 0.721 | 221.8±63.0 | 268.6±125.0 | 0.046 |
| Total RT, s | 570.4±87.0 | 619.93±74.3 | 0.001 | 649.0±59.3 | 692.4±59.5 | 0.004 | 573.8±75.3 | 607.9±85.2 | 0.017 |
Table 5.
Changes in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome of subjects
| A (n = 16) | B (n = 13) | C (n = 16) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Change (%) | Pa | Pre | Post | Change (%) | Pa | Pre | Post | Change (%) | Pa | |
| TG, mg/dL | 165.25±91.9 | 164.00±69.9 | –0.76 | 0.836 | 156.31±71.6 | 130.38±57.2 | –16.59 | 0.442 | 207.81±102.2 | 156.25±61.1 | –24.81 | 0.063 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 50.5±16.0 | 51.94±15.9 | 2.85 | 0.441 | 48.15±11.1 | 52.77±12.7 | 9.60 | 0.007 | 47.31±15.0 | 49.81±12.6 | 5.28 | 0.070 |
| Waist circ., cm | 97.38±7.5 | 93.50±6.6 | –3.98 | 0.001 | 92.85±3.4 | 88.46±4.1 | – 4.73 | 0.001 | 96.19±4.9 | 92.06±4.1 | – 4.30 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c mol/mol | 6.48±1.2 | 6.09±0.7 | –6.01 | 0.001 | 5.69±0.2 | 5.51±0.2 | – 3.16 | 0.009 | 5.91±0.3 | 5.76±0.3 | – 2.54 | 0.035 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 128.94±12.2 | 135.81±18.8 | 5.33 | 0.088 | 130.23±8.3 | 124.38±8.5 | – 4.50 | 0.025 | 132.44±6.9 | 127.81±10.5 | – 3.50 | 0.105 |
| Diastolic BP mmHg | , 86.94±7.1 | 84.06±11.6 | –3.31 | 0.245 | 84.08±6.6 | 74.31±6.8 | –11.62 | 0.003 | 84.25±10.8 | 82.44±6.5 | – 2.15 | 0.409 |
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