Korean Journal of Health Promotion

Son, Kang, Yoon, Kim, Kim, Kim, So, Song, Hwang, and Song: Effects of High-speed Elastic Band Training on Physical Fitness and Muscle Function in Rural Community-dwelling Elderly: a Single-blinded Randomized Controlled Trial

Original Article

Published online: December 19, 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15384/kjhp.2015.15.4.254

Effects of High-speed Elastic Band Training on Physical Fitness and Muscle Function in Rural Community-dwelling Elderly: a Single-blinded Randomized Controlled Trial

Jun Seok Son¹, Dongheon Kang¹, Dong Hyun Yoon¹, Dae-Young Kim¹, Hee-jae Kim¹, Jang Hoe Kim¹, Byunghun So¹, Han Sol Song¹, Su Seung Hwang¹, Wook Song^1,²

¹Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sport Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

²Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

￭ Corresponding author：Wook Song, PhD Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sport Science, Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
Tel: +82-2-880-7791, Fax: +82-2-872-2867 E-mail: songw3@snu.ac.kr

Received September 01, 2015 Accepted October 26, 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

ABSTRACT

Background: Aging related decrease in muscle strength and flexibility leads to functional loss of physical ability. Power training is known to improve these capacities and helps in performing daily routine better. Therefore, we modified previously proven and certified sarcopenia intervention exercise for elderly in rural community and applied them to examine the effects on physical fitness and muscle functions to show its applicability.

Methods: Subjects were divided into control and exercise group using single-blind method. Exercise group underwent high-speed elastic band training(concentric contraction in 1 second) 2 days per week for 12 weeks. Before and after the intervention, we performed body composition analysis, anthropometric measurement, blood test, blood pressure check, senior fitness test (SFT), upper body and lower body strength examination. Korean version of Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (K-PASE), and Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) were also assessed.

Results: Body weight in control group was significantly increased (Paired t-test: P＝0.008), although it was consistent in exercise group (Group×Time: P＝0.013). 30-second chair stand (P＜0.001) and 30-second arm curl (P＜0.001) of the senior fitness test were also significantly improved in exercise group compared to control. In addition, muscle strength of knee flexion (P＝0.034) and K-PASE score (P＜0.001) were improved in training group with statistical significance.

Conclusions: The modified high-speed elastic band training for rural elderly improved muscle strength and daily physical performance. This result suggests a simple and easy to perform band training could be an excellent solution to prevent sarcopenia in rural elderly. It also supports the evidence that this program would be widely distributed.

Key words: Muscle strength; Sarcopenia; Physical performance; Rural elderly

Figure 1.

Flow chart of cluster randomized controlled trial.

Table 1.

Basic characteristics and anthropometric data of subjects before and after high-speed elastic band training^a

	Control group (n=16)		HSEBT group (n=16)		ANOVA (P)^b
	Pre-test	Post-test	Pre-test	Post-test	ANOVA (P)^b
Characteristics
Age, y	73.8±5.0		72.2±3.6
Height, cm	156.21±8.07	155.94±8.27	151.91±6.36	151.44±6.58	0.551
Body weight, kg	57.58±7.33	58.56±7.37^c	54.33±8.10	54.06±7.85	0.013
Skeletal muscle mass, kg	20.44±4.19	19.15±4.69	19.41±2.54	17.76±3.67	0.671
BMI, kg/m²	23.64±2.93	24.19±2.92	23.49±2.81	23.82±2.80	0.275
Fat percent, %	33.26±8.88	38.63±11.64	31.83±9.07	38.47±8.59	0.647
WHR, ratio	0.87±0.05	0.86±0.05	0.87±0.04	0.87±0.08	0.685
Anthropometry
Upper arm circumference, cm	25.72±3.50	27.13±2.57	24.38±2.81	25.88±2.41	0.899
Thigh circumference, cm	48.66±4.66	48.72±4.02	48.75±3.76	47.88±4.11	0.269
Waist circumference, cm	86.06±6.22	89.28±4.74	81.78±9.00	86.56±8.37	0.272

Abbreviations: HSEBT, High-speed elastic band training; BMI, Body mass index; WHR, Waist-hip ratio.

^aMean±SD.

^bTwo-way analysis of variance.

^cPaired t-test, P=0.008, compared with pre-test.

Table 2.

Blood lipid profiles and blood pressure after high-speed elastic band training^a

	Control group (n=16)		HSEBT group (n=16)		ANOVA (P)^b
	Pre-test	Post-test	Pre-test	Post-test	ANOVA (P)^b
Blood profiles
Glucose, mg/dL	101.25±19.15	101.94±17.90	92.50±16.40	101.25±26.42	0.355
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	180.81±34.14	174.75±36.27	196.81±44.42	193.00±42.11	0.744
Triglyceride, mg/dL	115.88±54.86	124.88±57.78	112.50±43.36	116.75±42.79	0.664
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL	109.38±29.61	102.88±33.83	118.63±35.89	111.13±30.98	0.864
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL	49.25±9.67	50.25±11.61	56.81±16.91	61.69±19.02	0.146
Blood pressures
Systolic pressure, mmHg	139.63±11.42	134.56±16.40	134.50±16.03	139.00±12.23	0.068
Diastolic pressure, mmHg	76.25±9.64	79.44±8.94	75.94±11.41	78.13±7.95	0.723

Abbreviations: HSEBT, High-speed elastic band training; LDL, Low-density lipoprotein; HDL, High-density lipoprotein.

^aMean±SD.

^bTwo-way analysis of variance.

Table 3.

Senior Fitness Test, muscle strength, K-PASE and CES-D of balance and tone group and high-speed power training group^a

	Control group (n=16)		HSEBT group (n=16)		ANOVA (P)^b
	Pre-test	Post-test	Pre-test	Post-test	ANOVA (P)^b
Senior Fitness Test
30-seconds chair stand, reps	10.81±1.97	11.38±2.31	11.38±2.31	16.63±2.53^c ^d	＜0.001
30-seconds arm curl, reps	13.81±2.04	15.63±3.10^e	14.19±4.65	24.50±3.90^f ^g	＜0.001
2-minutes step, reps	174.38±31.88	219.44±15.52	188.88±48.95	234.31±38.56	0.972
Chair sit-and –reach, cm	2.50±15.56	9.09±13.81	6.03±11.82	14.83±12.11	0.611
Back stretch test, cm	-14.66±12.41	-11.73±9.82	-10.56±11.52	-11.06±15.71	0.235
244 cm up & go, sec	9.31±2.95	9.62±1.71	10.23±3.80	9.20±2.09	0.178
Muscle strength
Isometric knee extension, Nm	65.87±11.54	73.83±10.87	68.99±16.46	82.63±12.77	0.110
Isometric knee flexion, Nm	48.81±15.95	53.72±12.22	45.23±10.97	55.36±11.09^h	0.034
Grip strength, kg	23.38±6.80	24.01±6.60	21.90±4.69	23.12±3.13	0.406
K-PASE, score	127.51±80.22	72.16±45.71ⁱ	133.51±42.53	194.26±37.21^j ^k	＜0.001
CES-D	9.60±7.74	12.93±16.48	9.13±10.25	8.69±10.26	0.334

Abbreviations: HSEBT, High-speed elastic band training; K-PASE, Korean version of physical activity scale for elderly; CES-D, Center for epidemiological studies-depression scale.

^aMean±SD.

^bTwo-way analysis of variance.

^cPaired t-test, P＜0.001, compared with pre-test.

^dIndependent t-test, P＜0.001, compared with control group.

^ePaired t-test, P=0.012, compared with pre-test.

^fPaired t-test, P＜0.001, compared with pre-test.

^gIndependent t-test, P＜0.001, compared with control group.

^hPaired t-test, P＜0.001, compared with pre-test.

ⁱPaired t-test, P=0.003, compared with pre-test.

^jPaired t-test, P＜0.001, compared with pre-test.

^kIndependent t-test, P＜0.001, compared with control group.

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