The Effect of Spiritual Well-Being on Social Nicotine Dependence, Alcohol Consumption, Internet Overuse and Gambling among Medical Students
- Min Jeong Kim1*, Hae Kyung Choi2*, Chul Ho Oak3
- Received September 21, 2015 Accepted November 13, 2015
- ABSTRACT
-
- Background
- The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the spiritual well-being on social nicotine dependence, alcohol consumption, use of internet and gambling among medical students (n＝271).
- Methods
- A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 271 medical students using self-administered questionnaires including the spiritual well-being scale, KTSND score, the alcohol use disorder identification test, the internet addiction test, and the Canadian problem gambling index (Korean Version).
- Results
- : There were significant negative relationships between spiritual well being and addictive behaviors such as social nicotine dependence (r＝-0.160, P＜0.05), alcohol consumption (r＝-0.357, P＜0.001), internet overuse (r＝-0.156, P＜0.01). High social nicotine dependence was related with high alcohol consumption (r＝ 0.317, P＜0.01), as well as internet overuse with gambling (r＝0.165, P＜0.01). Spiritual well being on was significantly related to alcohol consumption (β＝-0.244, P＜0.01) and use of internet (β＝-0.136, P＜0.01). This suggests the higher spiritual well being score the student has, the lower possibility of alcohol or internet overuse he or she tends to have. On the other hand, the impact of spiritual well being on social nicotine dependence or gambling were not significant.
- Conclusions
- The milestone of the current study is to provide the importance of better understanding of spiritual background of an individual, and to address the necessity of its holistic approach. Moreover, new spiritual counseling model and its healing program should be developed and validated before application.
Table 1.
Background characteristics of subjects
Table 2.
The difference of spiritual well-being, smoking, alcohol consumption, use of Internet and gambling according to demographic characteristics
| Spiritual well-being | Social Nicotine dependence | Alcohol consumption | Use of Internet | Gambling | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Datum score | 6 | 30 | 40 | 80 | 27 | |
| Overall average (standard deviation) | 3.51±0.89 | 13.30±5.06 | 9.61±7.23 | 40.32±12.22 | 1.08±2.98 | |
| Sex | Male | 3.41±0.84 | 14.02±4.94 | 10.50±7.12 | 41.47±12.27 | 1.30±0.54 |
| Female | 3.74±0.96 | 11.60±4.92 | 7.54±7.10 | 37.63±11.73 | 3.22±2.27 | |
| T (p-value) | -2.868 (0.007)b | 3.684 (0.000)c | 3.132 (0.002)b | 2.432 (0.016)a | 1.939 (0.053) | |
| Religion | Christian | 4.33d±0.87 | 11.88d±4.87 | 6.16d±7.39 | 40.03±12.42 | 1.04±2.75 |
| Buddhist | 3.24d±0.61 | 12.18±4.21 | 12.56d±8.72 | 39.31±15.07 | 0.68±1.40 | |
| Catholicism | 3.60d±0.67 | 15.11±5.91 | 11.00±6.49 | 38.11±11.29 | 1.23±2.88 | |
| No religion | 3.08d±0.60 | 13.92d±5.04 | 11.00d±6.50 | 40.59±12.03 | 1.14±3.25 | |
| Others | 3.38±0.45 | 14.33±1.52 | 10.00±4.35 | 47.00±3.60 | 0.00±0.00 | |
| F (p-value) | 42.368 (0.000)c | 3.009 (0.019)a | 7.511 (0.000)c | 0.415 (0.797) | 0.197 (0.940) | |
| Smokingstatus | Current smoker | 3.28±0.64 | 16.92d±4.17 | 15.43d±8.35 | 39.41±11.35 | 2.15d±3.98 |
| Past smoker | 3.50±0.88 | 16.57d±3.81 | 12.20±7.76 | 42.19±13.74 | 0.53±0.88 | |
| Never smoker | 3.55±0.92 | 12.19d±4.85 | 8.18d±6.25 | 40.25±12.21 | 0.94d±0.92 | |
| F (p-value) | 1.431 (0.241) | 23.793 (0.000)c | 21.114 (0.000)c | 0.414 (0.661) | 3.245 (0.041)a | |
| Grade | Premedical 1st | 3.60±0.86 | 12.84±5.64 | 10.98±7.75 | 38.92±11.18 | 0.65±1.67 |
| Premedical 2nd | 3.33±0.78 | 13.50±4.69 | 11.41±6.66 | 40.58±11.81 | 1.00±2.17 | |
| Medical 1st | 3.62±0.92 | 14.07±4.74 | 9.05±8.24 | 41.76±13.90 | 1.44±3.66 | |
| Medical 2nd | 3.41±0.99 | 12.68±5.73 | 9.02±6.71 | 42.16±12.68 | 1.00±3.13 | |
| Medical 3rd | 3.62±0.94 | 13.48±4.26 | 8.71±7.44 | 37.46±11.97 | 1.20±3.11 | |
| Medical 4th | 3.40±0.78 | 13.28±4.91 | 8.61±5.82 | 40.50±11.20 | 1.19±3.59 | |
| F (p-value) | 0.936 (0.458) | 0.497 (0.778) | 1.233 (0.294) | 0.940 (0.455) | 0.401 (0.848) | |
Table 3.
Correlation analysis of spiritual well-being, smoking, alcohol consumption, use of Internet and gambling
| Spiritual well-being | Social nicotine dependence | Alcohol consumption | Use of Internet | Gambling | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spiritual well-being | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Social nicotine dependence | -0.160a | 0.317a | 0.073 | 0.165a | |
| Addictions of alcohol | -0.357b | -0.014 | 0.102 | ||
| Addictions of internet | -0.156a | -0.009 | |||
| Addictions of gamble | -0.090 |
Table 4.
The hierarchical regression analysis of spiritual well-being, social nicotine dependence, alcohol consumption, use of internet and gambling
| Independent variable | Dependent variables: Social nicotine dependence | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||||
| B | SE | β | t | B | SE | β | t | |
| Sex | 1.578 | 0.655 | 0.143 | 2.407a | 1.529 | 0.662 | 0.139 | 2.310a |
| Smoking status | 3.528 | 0.854 | 0.245 | 4.130c | 3.520 | 0.885 | 0.245 | 4.115c |
| Religion 1 | -0.157 | 0.884 | -0.015 | -0.178 | -0.008 | 0.896 | -0.008 | -0.089 |
| Religion 2 | -1.422 | 0.958 | -0.129 | -1.484 | -1.207 | 1.030 | -0.109 | -1.173 |
| Spiritual well being | -0.239 | 0.419 | -0.042 | -0.570 | ||||
| R2＝0.129 Corrected R2＝0.116 F＝9.839c | R2＝0.130 Corrected R2＝0.114 F＝7.916c | |||||||
| Independent variable | Dependent variables: Addiction of alcohol | |||||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||||
| B | SE | β | t | B | SE | β | t | |
| Sex | 1.501 | 0.900 | 0.095 | 1.667 | 1.097 | 0.889 | 0.070 | 1.234 |
| Smoking status | 5.675 | 1.173 | 0.276 | 4.838c | 5.607 | 1.149 | 0.273 | 4.881c |
| Religion 1 | 0.546 | 1.214 | 0.037 | 0.450 | 1.189 | 1.203 | 0.082 | 0.988 |
| Religion 2 | -4.782 | 1.315 | -0.303 | -3.636c | -3.009 | 1.383 | -0.191 | -2.176a |
| Spiritual well being | -1.980 | 0.563 | -0.244 | -3.51b | ||||
| R2＝0.196 Corrected R2＝0.184 F＝16.201c | R2＝0.232 Corrected R2＝0.218 F＝15.987c | |||||||
| Independent variable | Dependent variables: Addiction of internet | |||||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||||
| B | SE | β | t | B | SE | β | t | |
| Sex | 3.839 | 1.607 | 0.144 | 2.388a | 3.216 | 1.620 | 0.121 | 1.986a |
| Spiritual well being | -1.858 | 0.833 | -0.136 | -2.231a | ||||
| R2＝0.021 Corrected R2＝0.017 F＝5.704a | R2＝0.039 Corrected R2＝0.031 F＝5.383b | |||||||
| Independent variable | Dependent variables: Addiction of gamble | |||||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||||
| B | SE | β | t | B | SE | β | t | |
| Smoking status | 1.192 | 0.510 | 0.149 | 2.464a | 1.192 | 0.512 | 0.141 | 2.326a |
| Spiritual well being | -0.254 | 0.202 | -0.076 | -1.255 | ||||
| R2＝0.022 Corrected R2＝0.018 F＝6.071a | R2＝0.028 Corrected R2＝0.021 F＝3.830a | |||||||
Sex: Male＝1, Female＝0. Smoking status: Current smoking 1, Others＝0. Religion 1: Yes＝1, No＝0. Religion 2: Christian＝1, Others＝0. Model 1 is the effect of Demographic characteristics (Selection of significan variables on T-test and Anova anaysis) to dependent variables. Model 2 is the Demographic characteristics (Selection of significan variables on T-test and Anova anaysis) and effect of spiritual well being to dependent variables.
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