Relationship between Metabolic Syndrome and Uric Acid to Creatinine Ratio in Korean Adults: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016
- Sae-Ron Shin, A Lum Han
- Received August 02, 2018 Accepted September 25, 2018
- ABSTRACT
-
- Background
- While the correlation between metabolic syndrome (MS) and serum uric acid (sUA) levels has already been identified, the correlation between MS and the sUA/creatinine ratio has not been studied in Korea. Accordingly, the present study examined the correlation between MS and the sUA/creatinine ratio using data from the seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016).
- Methods
- The study population consisted of healthy adults aged 19 years or older medical diseases. The five components of MS and the presence of MS were used as independent variables, while the sUA/creatinine ratio was selected as the dependent variable. After adjusting for confounding variables, a complex samples logistic regression test was performed to analyze the correlations between the sUA/creatinine ratio and MS and its components.
- Results
- The following variables showed positive correlation with the sUA/creatinine ratio: systolic blood pressure (BP) (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.051–1.243; P=0.002), diastolic BP 1.144 (95% CI, 1.054–1.241; P=0.001), fasting blood sugar level 1.166 (95% CI, 1.070–1.271; P<0.001), triglyceride level 1.340 (95% CI, 1.259–1.427; P<0.001), high density lipoprotein level 1.163 (95% CI, 1.100–1.230; P<0.001), waist circumference 1.342 (95% CI, 1.239–1.455; P<0.001), and the presence of MS 1.041 (95% CI, 1.034–1.049; P≤0.001).
- Conclusions
- The findings of the present study demonstrated a statistically significant correlation between the sUA/creatinine ratio and the presence of MS as well as with each component of MS. The significance of the present study is that it is the first study to investigate Koreans.
Table 1.
Comparison of non-metabolic syndrome group and metabolic syndrome group in study participants
| Non-MetS group n=2,840 (81.2) | MetS group n=672 (18.8) | Pa | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 39.14±0.32 | 46.03±0.66 | <0.001 |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 10,292,158.23/1,151 (47.8) | 3,478,776.98/409 (69.6) | <0.001 |
| Female | 11,239,099.82/1,689 (52.2) | 15,204,153.37/263 (30.4) | |
| Smoking status | |||
| No | 16,469,069.35/2,275 (77.4) | 3,103,038.44/452 (63.5) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 4,812,785.44/534 (22.6) | 1,783,042.32/207 (36.5) | |
| Alcohol drinking frequency | |||
| No | 2,155,041.26/345 (10.8) | 711,948.84/100 (15.7) | |
| <1/month | 3,854,068.97/538 (19.3) | 648,940.35/99 (14.3) | |
| =1/month | 2,714,161.67/328 (13.6) | 361,983.11/52 (8.0) | <0.001 |
| 2–4/month | 6,471,337.08/777 (32.4) | 1,202,023.85/151 (26.5) | |
| 2–3/week | 3,504,747.82/448 (17.5) | 1,086,540.20/129 (24.0) | |
| >4/week | 1,290,625.48/165 (6.5) | 524,116.48/70 (11.6) | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 112.54±0.32 | 126.45±0.63 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74.02±0.22 | 84.41±0.42 | <0.001 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 92.60±0.41 | 108.61±1.09 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.37±0.01 | 5.78±0.03 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 192.75±0.80 | 210.98±1.82 | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 54.69±0.28 | 41.65±0.41 | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 109.03±1.87 | 260.00±12.89 | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 123.09±2.83 | 123.15±2.10 | 0.986 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 78.98±0.21 | 91.10±0.37 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.87±0.07 | 26.77±0.16 | <0.001 |
| hsCRP | 0.087±0.02 | 1.48±0.07 | <0.001 |
| Serum UA (mg/dL) | 4.96±0.02 | 5.85±0.06 | <0.001 |
| Serum Cr (mg/dL) | 0.82±0.00 | 0.88±0.00 | <0.001 |
| Serum UA/Cr | 6.15±0.03 | 6.71±0.07 | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: MetS, metabolic syndrome; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; BMI, body mass index; hsCRP, highly sensitive C-reactive protein; UA, uric acid; Cr, creatinine.
Table 2.
Crude odds ratios for MetS and components by serum uric acid to creatinine ratio
| Variable | Serum UA/Cr | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio | Pa | 95% confidence interval | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | |||
| <130 | Reference | ||
| ≥130 | 1.083 | 0.027 | 1.009–1.162 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | |||
| <85 | Reference | ||
| ≥85 | 1.117 | 0.002 | 1.041–1.198 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | |||
| <100 | Reference | ||
| ≥100 | 1.109 | 0.004 | 1.034–1.189 |
| Serum triglyceride (mg/dL) | |||
| <150 | Reference | ||
| ≥150 | 1.293 | <0.001 | 1.223–1.367 |
| HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | |||
| Man ≥50, woman ≥45 | Reference | ||
| Man <50, woman <45 | 1.128 | <0.001 | 1.071–1.189 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | |||
| Man <90, woman <85 | Reference | ||
| Man ≥90, woman ≥85 | 1.311 | <0.001 | 1.216–1.414 |
| Metabolic syndrome | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 1.284 | <0.001 | 1.177–1.400 |
Table 3.
Adjusted odds ratios for MetS and components by serum uric acid to creatinine ratio
| Variable | Serum UA/Cr | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio | Pa | 95% confidence interval | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | |||
| <130 | Reference | ||
| ≥130 | 1.143 | 0.002 | 1.051–1.243 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | |||
| <85 | Reference | ||
| ≥85 | 1.144 | 0.001 | 1.054–1.241 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | |||
| <100 | Reference | ||
| ≥100 | 1.166 | <0.001 | 1.070–1.271 |
| Serum triglyceride (mg/dL) | |||
| <150 | Reference | ||
| ≥150 | 1.340 | <0.001 | 1.259–1.427 |
| Low HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | |||
| Man ≥50, woman ≥45 | Reference | ||
| Man <50, woman <45 | 1.163 | <0.001 | 1.100–1.230 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | |||
| Man <90, woman <85 | Reference | ||
| Man ≥90, woman ≥85 | 1.342 | <0.001 | 1.239–1.455 |
| Metabolic syndrome | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 1.041 | <0.001 | 1.034–1.049 |
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