Korean Journal of Health Promotion

Jung: Association of Smoking Status and High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol in Males in the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Original Article: Published online: December 28, 2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15384/kjhp.2017.17.4.289; Association of Smoking Status and High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol in Males in the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; In Kyung Jung; Department of Beauty Art, Honam University, Gwangju, Korea.; Corresponding author: In Kyung Jung, PhD. Department of Beauty Art, Honam University, 417 Eodeung-daero, Gwangsan-gu, Gwangju 62399, Korea.
Tel: +82-62-940-3872, Fax: +82-62-940-3879, jungik@nate.com; Received July 21, 2017 Accepted September 11, 2017; Copyright © 2017 Korean Society for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

ABSTRACT

Background: The patients with metabolic syndrome had shown low high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and smoking had been reported to be an independent risk factor for low HDL-C. This study aimed to study the association of smoking status and low HDL-C in general population of Korea.

Methods: Frequency analysis and descriptive statistics for general characteristics and chi-square test for the association of smoking status and low HDL-C were used. Then, logistic regression analyses for the effect of smoking on low HDL-C and general linear method for HDL-C estimates were used.

Results: Univariate regression showed that smoking status showed an association with low HDL-C. Prevalence of low HDL-C was 29.4±0.3% of Korean males in their twenties or over, and low HDL-C possibilities of current and past-smokers compared with non-smokers were odds ratio 1.345 and 1.123 respectively. After adjustments with sociodemographic factors, physical activity, body mass index (BMI), and age, the low HDL-C possibility of current-smokers was 1.328 times higher and for past-smokers was 0.892 times than non-smokers (P<0.05). The HDL-C concentration of current-smokers was 1.009 mg/dL lower than non-smokers', whereas that of past-smokers' was 0.478 mg/dL higher than non-smokers'. HDL-C concentration decreased 0.922 mg/dL for every 1 unit of BMI increase and 0.080 mg/dL for every 1-year age increase (P<0.05).

Conclusions: In this study using general population, HDL-C showed significant association with smoking status. The occupation, BMI and age also had significant associations. Conclusively, the possible strategies to maintain serum HDL-C include cessation of smoking, increase of physical exercise, and weight loss.

Key words: Smoking; Cholesterol; HDL; Body mass index; Life style

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Table 1

Sociodemographic characteristics of study participants

^aClassified by Korean administrative district.

Table 2

Characteristics of study participants

Abbreviations: E, estimated mean; SE, standard error; BMI, body mass index; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol.

Table 3

HDL-cholesterol status by smoking status

Abbreviations: HDL-C, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; E, estimated mean; SE, standard error.

Values are presented as number or estimated meaned as oprotein-cholesterol.n L.

^aCalculated by complex sample chi-square test.

Table 4

OR for low HDL-C^a by smoking status and other confounding factors in males aged 20 or above in KNHANES V

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; HDL-C, lipoprotein-cholesterol; KNHANES V, the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable; BMI, body mass index.

Values are presented as OR (95% CI).

^aBelow 40 mg/dL.

^bAdjusted by sociodemographic factors, e.g., region, housing, household income, education, and occupation.

^cAdjusted by physical activity, BMI, and age.

^dAdjusted by factors in Model 1 and Model 2.

^eCalculated by complex sample logistic regression analysis.

Table 5

Parameter estimates of HDL-C in males aged 20 or above in KNHANES V^a

Abbreviations: HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; KNHANES V, the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; B, estimated mean; SE, standard error; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index.

^aModel: HDL-C (mg/dL)=intercept+smoking status+region+housing+household income+education+occupation+physical activity+BMI+age.

^bThis parameter is set to zero because it is redundant.