Korean J Health Promot > Volume 23(4); 2023 > Article |
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Q1 (n=1,067)a | Q2 (n=1,066) | Q3 (n=1,068) | Q4 (n=1,066) | P for trendb/Pc | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DII score | -1.38±0.03 | 0.57±0.01 | 2.06±0.02 | 4.11±0.03 | <0.001 |
Age, y | 54.77±0.32 | 55.30±0.37 | 55.92±0.39 | 57.31±0.43 | <0.001 |
Education | |||||
Elementary school | 103 (7.64) | 131 (10.34) | 193 (14.71) | 269 (19.18) | <0.001 |
Middle school | 100 (8.67) | 147 (11.93) | 136 (10.86) | 187 (15.32) | |
High school | 375 (33.92) | 341 (32.03) | 334 (31.35) | 319 (32.00) | |
College or more | 489 (49.77) | 447 (45.71) | 405 (43.08) | 291 (33.50) | |
Household income level | |||||
Low | 101 (8.61) | 131 (11.04) | 166 (13.10) | 289 (21.71) | <0.001 |
Mid-low | 237 (19.69) | 251 (21.94) | 272 (23.60) | 302 (26.71) | |
Mid-high | 305 (29.65) | 321 (30.49) | 287 (28.88) | 248 (26.04) | |
High | 424 (42.05) | 363 (36.73) | 343 (34.42) | 227 (25.29) | |
Alcohol drinking | |||||
Yes | 824 (78.17) | 762 (71.49) | 738 (70.92) | 691 (67.08) | <0.001 |
No | 243 (21.83) | 304 (28.52) | 330 (29.08) | 375 (32.92) | |
Smoking | |||||
Yes | 288 (28.03) | 310 (31.20) | 344 (34.50) | 372 (37.61) | 0.011 |
No | 779 (71.97) | 756 (68.80) | 724 (65.55) | 694 (62.39) | |
Activity limitations | |||||
Yes | 51 (4.16) | 67 (5.19) | 75 (5.66) | 141 (11.57) | <0.001 |
No | 1,016 (95.84) | 999 (94.81) | 993 (94.34) | 925 (88.43) |
Intake of dietary inflammatory index component | Q1 (n=1,067)a | Q2 (n=1,066) | Q3 (n=1,068) | Q4 (n=1,066) | P for trendb |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anti-inflammatory components | |||||
Nutrients | |||||
Fiber, g/d | 39.12±0.52 | 31.34±0.40 | 25.59±0.31 | 18.90±0.38 | <0.001 |
Fat | |||||
Monounsaturated fatty acid, g/d | 15.36±0.37 | 15.04±0.32 | 14.30±0.34 | 14.02±0.38 | 0.152 |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids, g/d | 17.36±0.28 | 13.57±0.23 | 10.44±0.17 | 8.47±0.19 | <0.001 |
N-3 fatty acids, g/d | 3.41±0.09 | 2.25±0.05 | 1.64±0.04 | 1.07±0.05 | <0.001 |
N-6 fatty acids, g/d | 13.94±0.25 | 11.30±0.21 | 8.78±0.15 | 7.38±0.17 | <0.001 |
Thiamin, mg/d | 1.84±0.02 | 1.55±0.02 | 1.40±0.02 | 1.26±0.02 | <0.001 |
Riboflavin, mg/d | 2.21±0.03 | 1.81±0.02 | 1.59±0.02 | 1.34±0.03 | <0.001 |
Niacin, mg/d | 17.89±0.23 | 14.84±0.17 | 13.91±0.16 | 12.62±0.22 | <0.001 |
Vitamin B6, mg/d | 0.39±0.02 | 0.27±0.01 | 0.23±0.0 | 0.17±0.01 | <0.001 |
Folic acid, μg/d | 541.92±90.14 | 416.36±4.16 | 334.19±3.25 | 237.04±3.75 | <0.001 |
Vitamin C, mg/d | 108.13±3.89 | 73.18±2.49 | 52.59±1.80 | 36.90±3.03 | <0.001 |
Vitamin A, RE/d | 715.18±21.71 | 416.97±15.04 | 325.12±8.11 | 219.86±12.38 | <0.001 |
β-carotene, μg/d | 5,870.23±131.99 | 3,319.98±88.89 | 2,397.70±59.75 | 1,381.26±59.26 | <0.001 |
Vitamin D, μg/d | 2.90±0.48 | 9.11±0.30 | 6.78±0.31 | 3.28±0.24 | <0.001 |
Vitamin E, mg/d | 21.86±0.33 | 16.45±0.24 | 12.15±0.17 | 8.33±0.20 | <0.001 |
Magnesium, mg/d | 362.27±4.28 | 276.85±2.77 | 223.60±2.16 | 167.65±2.69 | <0.001 |
Zinc, mg/d | 10.48±0.19 | 8.45±0.17 | 7.36±0.14 | 5.88±0.15 | <0.001 |
Selenium, μg/d | 111.54±2.03 | 95.27±1.72 | 82.06±1.59 | 66.65±1.44 | <0.001 |
Foods | |||||
Pepper, g/d | 0.17±0.01 | 0.13±0.01 | 0.12±0.01 | 0.10±0.01 | 0.001 |
Onion, g/d | 50.90±2.15 | 40.06±2.44 | 28.50±1.55 | 22.77±1.65 | <0.001 |
Garlic, g/d | 9.44±0.39 | 5.53±0.21 | 4.62±0.18 | 3.50±0.22 | <0.001 |
Ginger, g/d | 0.87±0.11 | 0.33±0.06 | 0.34±0.07 | 0.28±0.07 | <0.001 |
Green tea, g/d | 3.26±1.31 | 4.13±1.76 | 0.89±0.46 | 0.30±0.16 | 0.010 |
Alcohol, g/d | 29.83±4.24 | 26.80±3.19 | 31.37±4.08 | 36.03±2.97 | 0.065 |
Pro-inflammatory components | |||||
Energy, kcal/d | 2,920.26±27.79 | 2,385.92±22.56 | 2,069.36±22.69 | 1,622.84±20.99 | <0.0001 |
Carbohydrate, g/d | 335.53±3.32 | 340.28±2.86 | 332.33±2.91 | 320.11±3.87 | <0.0001 |
Protein, g/d | 95.41±0.86 | 81.64±0.65 | 74.14±0.62 | 65.65±0.75 | <0.0001 |
Total fat, g/d | 50.41±0.92 | 47.65±0.78 | 44.35±0.84 | 42.67±0.89 | <0.0001 |
Cholesterol, mg/d | 343.55±8.64 | 268.48±6.46 | 235.99±6.27 | 184.69±6.19 | <0.0001 |
Saturated fatty acid, g/d | 13.29±0.34 | 14.64±0.29 | 14.98±0.32 | 15.46±0.35 | <0.0001 |
Trans fatty acid, g/d | 0.38±0.02 | 0.42±0.02 | 0.44±0.02 | 0.41±0.02 | 0.177 |
Vitamin B12, μg/d | 8.64±0.41 | 6.89±0.29 | 6.02±0.22 | 4.51±0.24 | <0.0001 |
Iron, mg/d | 17.52±0.26 | 14.36±0.19 | 13.08±0.17 | 10.91±0.21 | <0.0001 |
Lung function | Q1 (n=1,067)a | Q2 (n=1,066) | Q3 (n=1,068) | Q4 (n=1,066) | Pd/P for trende |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Symptoms | |||||
Chronic cough | |||||
Yes | 24 (2.40) | 26 (1.97) | 28 (2.15) | 39 (2.91) | 0.565 |
No | 1,043 (97.60) | 1,040 (98.03) | 1,040 (97.85) | 1,027 (97.09) | |
Coughing phlegm | |||||
Yes | 46 (4.08) | 43 (3.14) | 65 (5.54) | 77 (6.51) | 0.003 |
No | 1,021 (95.92) | 1,023 (96.86) | 1,003 (94.46) | 989 (93.49) | |
Measures | |||||
FEV1b | |||||
L | 3.18±0.02 | 3.15±0.02 | 3.07±0.02 | 2.97±0.03 | <0.001 |
% predicted | 87.49±0.44 | 87.58±0.42 | 86.76±0.45 | 85.68±0.50 | 0.003 |
FVCc | |||||
L | 4.17±0.02 | 4.14±0.02 | 4.06±0.02 | 3.94±0.03 | <0.001 |
% predicted | 88.39±0.40 | 88.54±0.41 | 87.89±0.40 | 86.74±0.44 | 0.004 |
FEV1/FVC | 0.76±0.01 | 0.76±0.01 | 0.75±0.01 | 0.74±0.01 | <0.001 |
Q1 (n=1,067)a | Q2 (n=1,066) | Q3 (n=1,068) | Q4 (n=1,066) | Pe/P for trendf | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Incidence of COPDb | 186 (14.71) | 197 (15.75) | 235 (17.51) | 289 (22.13) | <0.001 |
Model 1c | 1.00 | 1.08 (0.84-1.40) | 1.23 (0.97-1.57) | 1.65 (1.30-2.09) | <0.001 |
Model 2d | 1.00 | 1.15 (0.87-1.53) | 1.34 (1.01-1.76) | 1.38 (1.04-1.83) | 0.014 |
Sim-Yeol Lee
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0375-6412
Jin-A Kim
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6070-9703