Korean J Health Promot > Volume 23(3); 2023 > Article |
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Characteristic | Total (n=3,049) | Living alone (n=502) | Living with family (n=2,547) | χ2 (Pa) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||||
Men | 1,305 (42.8) | 83 (16.5) | 1,222 (48.0) | 169.36 (<0.001) | |
Women | 1,744 (57.2) | 419 (83.5) | 1,325 (52.0) | ||
Age, y | |||||
65-69 | 960 (31.5) | 105 (20.9) | 855 (33.6) | 45.21 (<0.001) | |
70-79 | 1,628 (53.4) | 283 (56.4) | 1,345 (52.8) | ||
≥80 | 461 (15.1) | 114 (22.7) | 347 (13.6) | ||
Education level | |||||
≤Elementary school | 1,894 (62.1) | 385 (76.7) | 1,509 (59.3) | 54.53 (<0.001) | |
Middle school | 432 (14.2) | 47 (9.4) | 385 (15.1) | ||
≥High school | 723 (23.7) | 70 (13.9) | 653 (25.6) | ||
Employment status | |||||
Unemployed | 2,239 (73.4) | 397 (79.1) | 1,842 (72.3) | 9.83 (0.002) | |
Employed | 810 (26.6) | 105 (20.9) | 705 (27.7) | ||
Residence | |||||
Rural | 2,087 (68.4) | 329 (65.5) | 1,758 (69.0) | 2.36 (0.125) | |
Urban | 962 (31.6) | 173 (34.5) | 789 (31.0) | ||
Household income | |||||
1st quintile | 681 (22.4) | 268 (53.4) | 413 (16.2) | 378.31 (<0.001) | |
2nd quintile | 540 (17.7) | 98 (19.5) | 442 (17.4) | ||
3rd quintile | 623 (20.4) | 62 (12.4) | 561 (22.0) | ||
4th quintile | 692 (22.7) | 57 (11.3) | 635 (24.9) | ||
5th quintile | 513 (16.8) | 17 (3.4) | 496 (19.5) | ||
Current smoking | |||||
No | 2,671 (87.6) | 464 (92.4) | 2,207 (86.7) | 12.90 (<0.001) | |
Yes | 378 (12.4) | 38 (7.6) | 340 (13.3) | ||
Current alcohol consumption | |||||
No | 2,178 (71.4) | 391 (77.9) | 1,787 (70.2) | 12.27 (<0.001) | |
Yes | 871 (28.6) | 111 (22.1) | 760 (29.8) | ||
Body mass index, kg/m2 | |||||
<18.5 | 168 (5.5) | 38 (7.6) | 130 (5.1) | 4.92 (0.178) | |
18.5-22.9 | 1,300 (42.6) | 209 (41.6) | 1,091 (42.9) | ||
23.0-24.9 | 862 (28.3) | 138 (27.5) | 724 (28.4) | ||
≥25.0 | 719 (23.6) | 117 (23.3) | 602 (23.6) | ||
Regular physical exercise | |||||
No | 1,954 (64.1) | 352 (70.1) | 1,602 (62.9) | 9.50 (0.002) | |
Yes | 1,095 (35.9) | 150 (29.9) | 945 (37.1) | ||
Multimorbidity | |||||
No | 1,793 (58.8) | 271 (54.0) | 1,522 (59.8) | 5.77 (0.016) | |
Yes | 1,256 (41.2) | 231 (46.0) | 1,025 (40.2) | ||
ADL | |||||
Independent | 2,947 (96.7) | 492 (98.0) | 2,455 (96.4) | 3.40 (0.065) | |
Dependent | 102 (3.3) | 10 (2.0) | 92 (3.6) | ||
IADL | |||||
Independent | 2,695 (88.4) | 471 (93.8) | 2,224 (87.3) | 17.30 (<0.001) | |
Dependent | 354 (11.6) | 31 (6.2) | 323 (12.7) | ||
Depression | |||||
Non-depressed (<4) | 2,584 (84.7) | 402 (80.1) | 2,182 (85.7) | 10.14 (0.001) | |
Depressed (≥4) | 465 (15.3) | 100 (19.9) | 365 (14.3) | ||
Cognitive function (baseline n=2,988) | |||||
Normal (≥24) | 1,996 (66.8) | 283 (57.3) | 1,713 (68.7) | 24.18 (<0.001) | |
Mild impairment (18-23) | 668 (22.4) | 143 (28.9) | 525 (21.0) | ||
Severe impairment (≤17) | 324 (10.8) | 68 (13.8) | 256 (10.3) |
Characteristic |
Living alone (n=502) |
Living with family (n=2,547) |
||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class 1a (n=179) | Class 2b (n=163) | Class 3c (n=31) | Class 4d (n=95) | Class 5e (n=34) | χ2 (P) | Class 1a (n=1,183) | Class 2b (n=816) | Class 3f (n=404) | Class 4e (n=144) | χ2 (P) | ||
Gender | ||||||||||||
Men | 51 (28.5) | 21 (12.9) | 5 (16.1) | 6 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 34,05 (<0.001) | 695 (58.7) | 371 (45.5) | 121 (30.0) | 35 (24.3) | 141.99 (<0.001) | |
Women | 128 (71.5) | 142 (87.1) | 26 (83.9) | 89 (93.7) | 34 (100.0) | 488 (41.3) | 445 (54.5) | 283 (70.0) | 109 (75.7) | |||
Age, y | ||||||||||||
65-69 | 65 (36.3) | 32 (19.6) | 3 (9.7) | 5 (5.3) | 0 (0.0) | 109.31 (<0.001) | 536 (45.3) | 253 (31.0) | 59 (14.6) | 7 (4.9) | 415.24 (<0.001) | |
70-79 | 98 (54.7) | 102 (62.6) | 12 (38.7) | 60 (63.2) | 11 (32.4) | 580 (49.0) | 467 (57.2) | 238 (58.9) | 60 (41.6) | |||
≥80 | 16 (9.0) | 29 (17.8) | 16 (51.6) | 30 (31.5) | 23 (67.6) | 67 (5.7) | 96 (11.8) | 107 (26.5) | 77 (53.5) | |||
Education level | ||||||||||||
≤Elementary school | 101 (56.4) | 138 (84.7) | 27 (87.1) | 87 (91.6) | 32 (94.2) | 68.48 (<0.001) | 500 (42.3) | 540 (66.2) | 341 (84.4) | 128 (88.8) | 339.26 (<0.001) | |
Middle school | 31 (17.3) | 10 (6.1) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (5.3) | 1 (2.9) | 217 (18.3) | 131 (16.0) | 29 (7.2) | 8 (5.6) | |||
≥High school | 47 (26.3) | 15 (9.2) | 4 (12.9) | 3 (3.1) | 1 (2.9) | 466 (39.4) | 145 (17.8) | 34 (8.4) | 8 (5.6) | |||
Employment status | ||||||||||||
Unemployed | 131 (73.2) | 130 (79.8) | 23 (74.2) | 81 (85.3) | 32 (94.1) | 11.10 (0.025) | 793 (67.0) | 577 (70.7) | 342 (84.7) | 130 (90.3) | 71.47 (<0.001) | |
Employed | 48 (26.8) | 33 (20.2) | 8 (25.8) | 14 (14.7) | 2 (5.9) | 390 (33.0) | 239 (29.3) | 62 (15.3) | 14 (9.7) | |||
Residence | ||||||||||||
Rural | 138 (77.1) | 110 (67.5) | 17 (54.8) | 45 (47.4) | 19 (55.9) | 27.72 (<0.001) | 874 (73.9) | 549 (67.3) | 237 (58.7) | 98 (68.1) | 34.55 (<0.001) | |
Urban | 41 (22.9) | 53 (32.5) | 14 (45.2) | 50 (52.6) | 15 (44.1) | 309 (26.1) | 267 (32.7) | 167 (41.3) | 46 (31.9) | |||
Household income | ||||||||||||
1st quintile | 22 (12.3) | 31 (19.0) | 12 (38.7) | 25 (26.3) | 10 (29.4) | 64.03 (<0.001) | 162 (13.7) | 192 (23.5) | 124 (30.7) | 33 (22.9) | 82.84 (<0.001) | |
2nd quintile | 18 (10.1) | 44 (27.0) | 5 (16.1) | 32 (33.7) | 9 (26.5) | 261 (22.1) | 201 (24.6) | 90 (22.3) | 32 (22.2) | |||
3rd quintile | 36 (20.1) | 33 (20.2) | 6 (19.4) | 16 (16.8) | 3 (8.8) | 301 (25.4) | 173 (21.2) | 79 (19.6) | 20 (13.9) | |||
4th quintile | 49 (27.4) | 28 (17.2) | 2 (6.5) | 14 (14.7) | 7 (20.6) | 200 (16.9) | 111 (13.6) | 48 (11.9) | 24 (16.7) | |||
5th quintile | 54 (30.1) | 27 (16.6) | 6 (19.3) | 8 (8.5) | 5 (14.7) | 259 (21.9) | 139 (17.0) | 63 (15.6) | 35 (24.3) | |||
Current smoking | ||||||||||||
No | 160 (89.4) | 150 (92.0) | 29 (93.5) | 92 (96.8) | 33 (97.1) | 6.15 (0.188) | 1,011 (85.5) | 701 (85.9) | 363 (89.9) | 132 (91.7) | 8.55 (0.036) | |
Yes | 19 (10.6) | 13 (8.0) | 2 (6.5) | 3 (3.2) | 1 (2.9) | 172 (14.5) | 115 (14.1) | 41 (10.1) | 12 (8.3) | |||
Current alcohol consumption | ||||||||||||
No | 126 (70.4) | 124 (76.1) | 28 (90.3) | 81 (85.3) | 32 (94.1) | 17.14 (0.002) | 761 (64.3) | 569 (69.7) | 329 (81.4) | 128 (88.9) | 67.95 (<0.001) | |
Yes | 53 (29.6) | 39 (23.9) | 3 (9.7) | 14 (14.7) | 2 (5.9) | 422 (35.7) | 247 (30.3) | 75 (18.6) | 16 (11.1) | |||
Body mass index, kg/m | ||||||||||||
<18.5 | 7 (3.9) | 15 (9.2) | 3 (9.7) | 9 (9.5) | 4 (11.8) | 18.66 (0.097) | 33 (2.8) | 52 (6.4) | 30 (7.4) | 15 (10.4) | 59.54 (<0.001) | |
18.5-22.9 | 64 (35.8) | 71 (43.6) | 14 (45.2) | 48 (50.5) | 12 (35.2) | 464 (39.2) | 356 (43.6) | 199 (49.3) | 72 (50.0) | |||
23.0-24.9 | 59 (33.0) | 40 (24.5) | 5 (16.1) | 25 (26.3) | 9 (26.5) | 391 (33.1) | 208 (25.5) | 96 (23.8) | 29 (20.1) | |||
>25.0 | 49 (27.3) | 37 (22.7) | 9 (29.0) | 13 (13.7) | 9 (26.5) | 295 (24.9) | 200 (24.5) | 79 (19.5) | 28 (19.5) | |||
Regular physical exercise | ||||||||||||
No | 103 (57.5) | 116 (71.2) | 22 (71.0) | 79 (83.2) | 32 (94.1) | 30.67 (<0.001) | 632 (53.4) | 534 (65.4) | 310 (76.7) | 126 (87.5) | 118.25 (<0.001) | |
Yes | 76 (42.5) | 47 (28.8) | 9 (29.0) | 16 (16.8) | 2 (5.9) | 551 (46.6) | 282 (34.6) | 94 (23.3) | 18 (12.5) | |||
Multimorbidity | ||||||||||||
No | 109 (60.9) | 85 (52.1) | 16 (51.6) | 43 (45.3) | 18 (52.9) | 6.66 (0.155) | 786 (66.4) | 472 (57.8) | 200 (49.5) | 64 (44.4) | 54.92 (<0.001) | |
Yes | 70 (39.1) | 78 (47.9) | 15 (48.4) | 52 (54.7) | 16 (47.1) | 397 (33.6) | 344 (42.2) | 204 (50.5) | 80 (55.6) | |||
ADL | ||||||||||||
Independent | 179 (100.0) | 161 (98.8) | 31 (100.0) | 90 (94.7) | 31 (91.2) | 18.09 (0.001) | 1,175 (99.3) | 805 (98.7) | 367 (90.8) | 108 (75.0) | 266.19 (<0.001) | |
Dependent | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (5.3) | 3 (8.8) | 8 (0.7) | 11 (1.3) | 37 (9.2) | 36 (25.0) | |||
IADL | ||||||||||||
Independent | 176 (98.3) | 160 (98.2) | 26 (83.9) | 85 (89.5) | 24 (70.6) | 51.63 (<0.001) | 1,084 (91.6) | 746 (91.4) | 313 (77.5) | 81 (56.3) | 193.15 (<0.001) | |
Dependent | 3 (1.7) | 3 (1.8) | 5 (16.1) | 10 (10.5) | 10 (29.4) | 99 (8.4) | 70 (8.6) | 91 (22.5) | 63 (43.8) | |||
Depression | ||||||||||||
Non-depressed (<4) | 163 (91.1) | 131 (80.4) | 24 (77.4) | 66 (69.5) | 18 (52.9) | 36.08 (<0.001) | 1,121 (94.8) | 697 (85.4) | 284 (70.3) | 80 (55.6) | 263.79 (<0.001) | |
Depressed (>4) | 16 (8.9) | 32 (19.6) | 7 (22.6) | 29 (30.5) | 16 (47.1) | 62 (5.2) | 119 (14.6) | 120 (29.7) | 64 (44.4) |
Variable |
Class 3 (moderate-steep declining; n=31) |
Class 4 (low-stable; n=95) |
Class 5 (low-declining; n=34) |
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OR (95% CI) | Pa | OR (95% CI) | Pa | OR (95% CI) | Pa | |
Gender (ref. men) | 0.73 (0.18-3.01) | 0.666 | 1.87 (0.62-5.58) | 0.265 | ||
Age (ref. <80) | ||||||
≥80 | 6.93 (2.73-17.59) | <0.001 | 2.54 (1.33-4.86) | 0.005 | 14.81 (5.43-40.41) | <0.001 |
Education level (ref. ≥middle school) | ||||||
<Miiddle school | 1.57 (0.42-5.78) | 0.501 | 2.07 (0.87-4.96) | 0.100 | 1.41 (0.25-7.89) | 0.595 |
Employment status (ref. employed) | 0.38 (0.05-2.69) | 0.329 | 1.44 (0.67-3.10) | 0.346 | 2.81 (0.46-17.12) | 0.263 |
Residence (ref. urban) | 1.73 (0.69-4.30) | 0.159 | 2.31 (1.31-4.08) | 0.004 | 1.52 (0.58-3.95) | 0.394 |
Household income (ref. 5th) | ||||||
1st (low) | 4.19 (1.15-16.21) | 0.021 | 2.91 (1.08-7.80) | 0.026 | 1.83 (0.41-8.14) | 0.425 |
2nd | 1.16 (0.28-4.86) | 0.485 | 2.81 (1.09-7.24) | 0.009 | 1.80 (0.43-7.59) | 0.426 |
3rd | 1.40 (0.36-5.42) | 0.864 | 1.92 (0.71-5.18) | 0.416 | 0.78 (0.14-4.32) | 0.777 |
4th | 0.37 (0.07-2.10) | 0.156 | 1.48 (0.54-4.07) | 0.846 | 1.59 (0.35-7.15) | 0.919 |
Current alcohol consumption (ref. no) | 3.83 (0.95-15.38) | 0.058 | 1.51 (0.73-3.12) | 0.269 | 3.50 (0.66-18.48) | 0.140 |
ADL (ref. independent) | 1.03 (0.10-10.58) | 0.981 | 0.18 (0.01-2.49) | 0.203 | ||
IADL (ref. independent) | 10.21 (1.83-57.10) | 0.008 | 3.00 (0.66-13.65) | 0.155 | 11.71 (2.07-66.24) | 0.005 |
Depression (ref. non-depressed) | 1.53 (0.54-4.36) | 0.429 | 2.41 (1.30-4.46) | 0.005 | 5.46 (2.13-14.00) | <0.001 |
Variable |
Class 3 (moderate-declining; n=404) |
Class 4 (low-declining; n=144) |
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---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | Pa | OR (95% CI) | Pa | |
Gender (ref. men) | 1.84 (1.32-2.57) | <0.001 | 1.86 (1.04-3.30) | 0.036 |
Age (ref. <80) | ||||
≥80 | 5.33 (3.51-8.10) | <0.001 | 22.48 (9.44-53.57) | <0.001 |
Education level (ref. ≥high school) | ||||
≤Elementary school | 2.85 (1.88-4.32) | <0.001 | 3.47 (1.53-7.89) | 0.003 |
Middle school | 1.10 (0.64-1.90) | 0.733 | 1.14 (0.38-3.37) | 0.817 |
Employment status (ref. employed) | 2.09 (1.49-2.93) | <0.001 | 1.84 (0.96-3.52) | 0.068 |
Residence (ref. urban) | 1.78 (1.36-2.33) | <0.001 | 1.36 (0.87-2.15) | 0.181 |
Household income (ref. 5th) | ||||
1st (low) | 1.37 (0.92-2.03) | 0.123 | 0.81 (0.43-1.52) | 0.513 |
2nd | 1.06 (0.71-1.59) | 0.770 | 0.97 (0.52-1.80) | 0.931 |
3rd | 1.07 (0.71-1.61) | 0.749 | 0.68 (0.34-1.34) | 0.267 |
4th | 1.06 (0.67-1.68) | 0.798 | 1.11 (0.57-2.19) | 0.756 |
Current smoking (ref. no) | 1.09 (0.70-1.68) | 0.707 | 0.99 (0.47-2.12) | 0.987 |
Current alcohol consumption (ref. no) | 0.94 (0.68-1.31) | 0.717 | 0.74 (0.40-1.38) | 0.351 |
Body mass index (ref. 18.5-22.9) | ||||
<18.5 | 1.29 (0.90-1.85) | 0.168 | 1.30 (0.69-2.45) | 0.414 |
23.0-24.9 | 1.79 (1.04-3.08) | 0.036 | 3.09 (1.37-7.00) | 0.007 |
≥25.0 | 1.61 (1.16-2.22) | 0.004 | 1.85 (1.07-3.20) | 0.029 |
Regular physical exercise (ref. yes) | 1.46 (1.10-1.95) | 0.009 | 2.79 (1.59-4.88) | <0.001 |
Multimorbidity (ref. no) | 1.25 (0.97-1.60) | 0.087 | 1.33 (0.87-2.02) | 0.189 |
ADL (ref. independent) | 3.06 (1.50-6.24) | 0.002 | 4.96 (2.17-11.33) | <0.001 |
IADL (ref. independent) | 1.82 (1.24-2.68) | 0.002 | 2.67 (1.55-4.60) | <0.001 |
Depression (ref. non-depressed) | 3.08 (2.27-4.19) | <0.001 | 4.87 (3.10-7.66) | <0.001 |