Korean J Health Promot > Volume 20(4); 2020 > Article |
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Daily frequency of eating with others |
Men |
Pb |
Women |
Pb | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 times/day (n=1,341) | 1-2 times/day (n=640) | 0 time/day (n=284) | 3 times/day (n=911) | 1-2 times/day (n=719) | 0 time/day (n=667) | ||||
Household income | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
Low | 542 (39.6) | 208 (31.8) | 164 (56.9) | 413 (44.0) | 302 (42.6) | 457 (65.9) | |||
Middle-low | 388 (27.7) | 226 (34.0) | 67 (22.3) | 263 (27.3) | 207 (26.3) | 122 (20.1) | |||
Middle-high | 228 (17.8) | 125 (20.3) | 33 (14.2) | 139 (17.4) | 116 (16.9) | 53 (7.8) | |||
High | 176 (14.8) | 77 (13.7) | 16 (6.4) | 92 (11.1) | 89 (13.9) | 28 (5.9) | |||
Education | 0.001 | 0.018 | |||||||
Elementary school or below | 539 (40.9) | 225 (36.5) | 141 (52.7) | 610 (70.5) | 478 (70.5) | 496 (78.6) | |||
Middle school | 205 (16.0) | 118 (19.8) | 46 (16.2) | 105 (12.1) | 72 (10.1) | 61 (10.5) | |||
High school | 323 (25.8) | 172 (27.3) | 46 (16.9) | 95 (11.9) | 84 (13.8) | 45 (7.9) | |||
University or more | 206 (17.0) | 89 (16.1) | 37 (14.1) | 37 (5.3) | 34 (5.4) | 14 (2.8) | |||
Economic activity | 0.031 | 0.442 | |||||||
No | 713 (59.3) | 327 (54.1) | 171 (64.4) | 584 (72.3) | 499 (75.6) | 453 (74.0) | |||
Yes | 561 (40.6) | 278 (45.8) | 99 (35.5) | 266 (27.6) | 170 (24.3) | 163 (25.9) | |||
Residence | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
Rural | 480 (31.1) | 119 (15.3) | 67 (20.2) | 335 (30.9) | 175 (20.5) | 193 (23.8) | |||
Urban | 861 (68.8) | 521 (84.6) | 217 (79.7) | 576 (69.0) | 544 (79.4) | 474 (76.1) | |||
Smoking status | 0.044 | 0.021 | |||||||
Nonsmoker | 286 (21.5) | 105 (18.0) | 46 (16.6) | 850 (96.7) | 645 (94.8) | 581 (92.4) | |||
Ex-smoker | 802 (62.1) | 383 (61.7) | 157 (59.6) | 16 (2.3) | 23 (3.0) | 32 (4.2) | |||
Current smoker | 212 (16.3) | 123 (20.1) | 70 (23.6) | 7 (0.9) | 11 (2.0) | 19 (3.3) | |||
Alcohol consumption | 0.001 | 0.541 | |||||||
Non-drinker | 378 (28.2) | 196 (31.9) | 93 (35.4) | 535 (60.2) | 388 (58.3) | 399 (61.8) | |||
<30 g/day | 380 (29.6) | 140 (21.8) | 54 (19.3) | 286 (33.2) | 242 (34.1) | 187 (29.8) | |||
≥30 g/day | 542 (42.0) | 279 (46.2) | 127 (45.2) | 54 (6.5) | 51 (7.5) | 50 (8.2) | |||
Physical activity | 0.920 | 0.076 | |||||||
Low | 1,052 (80.2) | 493 (79.8) | 224 (82.2) | 754 (87.6) | 619 (91.6) | 569 (91.5) | |||
Moderate | 73 (5.8) | 45 (6.6) | 18 (5.4) | 51 (6.3) | 24 (3.4) | 22 (3.7) | |||
High | 155 (13.8) | 69 (13.4) | 30 (12.3) | 51 (6.0) | 29 (4.8) | 29 (4.6) |
Daily frequency of eating with others |
Men |
Pa |
Women |
Pa | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 times/day | 1-2 times/day | 0 time/day | 3 times/day | 1-2 times/day | 0 time/day | |||
Total energy, kcal/day | 1,888.1±105.1 | 1,891.4±104.7 | 1,882.4±107.6 | 0.986 | 1,559.5±68.6 | 1,518.6±66.5 | 1,533.0±70.9 | 0.459 |
Carbohydrate, g/day | 312.2±9.2 | 316.7±8.8 | 308.8±9.8 | 0.274 | 272.8±6.7 | 274.1±7.0 | 269.3±6.6 | 0.404 |
Fat, g/day | 36.8±2.0 | 35.4±2.0 | 37.1±2.2 | 0.341 | 28.7±2.3 | 29.8±2.3 | 29.8±2.3 | 0.402 |
Protein, g/day | 66.9±2.3 | 67.5±2.3 | 69.0±2.5 | 0.471 | 49.0±1.6 | 48.3±1.5 | 49.9±1.6 | 0.269 |
Fiber, g/day | 25.8±1.3 | 24.7±1.4 | 24.0±1.6 | 0.077 | 21.6±1.4 | 22.4±1.3 | 22.1±1.4 | 0.467 |
Cholesterol, mg/day | 210.1±25.3 | 217.2±24.7 | 200.8±27.4 | 0.451 | 139.0±15.5 | 134.7±14.8 | 143.7±14.4 | 0.607 |
Vitamin A, μgRAE/day | 481.6±90.8 | 474.1±85.9 | 395.4±98.0 | 0.013 | 207.5±33.9 | 227.6±30.0 | 242.0±33.2 | 0.344 |
Vitamin C, mg/day | 122.1±20.8 | 120.4±20.2 | 105.1±19.3 | 0.030 | 112.1±16.2 | 111.8±15.6 | 103.6±14.4 | 0.297 |
Thiamin, mg/day | 2.0±0.1 | 2.0±0.1 | 2.0±0.1 | 0.770 | 1.2±0.0 | 1.2±0.0 | 1.2±0.0 | 0.925 |
Riboflavin, mg/day | 1.3±0.0 | 1.3±0.0 | 1.3±0.0 | 0.471 | 1.0±0.0 | 1.0±0.0 | 1.1±0.0 | 0.115 |
Niacin, mgNE/day | 15.6±0.7 | 15.7±0.7 | 15.5±0.8 | 0.958 | 10.7±0.5 | 10.6±0.5 | 10.7±0.5 | 0.855 |
Calcium, mg/day | 486.9±33.7 | 477.0±30.6 | 464.8±36.1 | 0.503 | 440.0±31.0 | 438.3±28.3 | 465.4±30.2 | 0.156 |
Phosphorus, mg/day | 1,039.1±32.9 | 1,024.4±31.6 | 1,034.8±36.0 | 0.668 | 811.8±26.6 | 821.6±24.7 | 841.5±26.6 | 0.122 |
Sodium, mg/day | 4,193.1±315.8 | 4,095.4±309.7 | 4,065.6±318.6 | 0.624 | 2,726.9±185.5 | 2,558.2±186.0 | 2,395.3±174.2 | 0.001 |
Potassium, mg/day | 2,999.2±108.6 | 2,844.3±113.5 | 2,830.7±127.0 | 0.025 | 2,376.0±118.7 | 2,406.9±111.2 | 2,461.8±108.6 | 0.445 |
Iron, mg/day | 16.8±0.8 | 16.7±0.8 | 16.0±0.9 | 0.303 | 12.4±0.9 | 12.3±1.0 | 12.9±1.1 | 0.473 |
% energy from carbohydrate | 68.5±1.3 | 69.1±1.3 | 67.7±1.4 | 0.273 | 71.0±1.4 | 70.8±1.4 | 70.6±1.3 | 0.809 |
% energy from fat | 16.8±1.0 | 16.3±1.0 | 17.1±1.1 | 0.322 | 16.1±1.1 | 16.5±1.1 | 16.4±1.1 | 0.702 |
% energy from protein | 14.5±0.5 | 14.5±0.5 | 15.0±0.6 | 0.426 | 12.7±0.4 | 12.6±0.4 | 12.9±0.4 | 0.490 |
Daily frequency of eating with others |
Men |
Women |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 times/day | 1-2 times/day | 0 time/day | P for trend | 3 times/day | 1-2 times/day | 0 time/day | P for trend | |
Energy | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.97 (0.75-1.26) | 0.69 (0.47-1.03) | 0.196 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.38 (1.07-1.78) | 1.33 (1.03-1.73) | 0.019 |
Protein | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.05 (0.72-1.53) | 0.99 (0.58-1.68) | 0.956 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.97 (0.69-1.34) | 0.97 (0.65-1.44) | 0.980 |
Fiber | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.30 (1.00-1.69) | 1.37 (0.96-1.95) | 0.056 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.96 (0.72-1.29) | 0.95 (0.70-1.28) | 0.945 |
Cholesterol | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.11 (0.81-1.51) | 0.78 (0.51-1.20) | 0.337 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.09 (0.74-1.61) | 1.54 (1.01-2.35) | 0.120 |
Vitamin A | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.05 (0.78-1.41) | 1.36 (0.91-2.04) | 0.310 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.90 (0.66-1.24) | 0.88 (0.63-1.22) | 0.709 |
Vitamin C | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.31 (1.01-1.70) | 1.39 (1.00-1.94) | 0.044 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.04 (0.80-1.34) | 1.00 (0.76-1.31) | 0.946 |
Thiamin | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.10 (0.72-1.66) | 1.36 (0.80-2.30) | 0.515 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.14 (0.78-1.66) | 1.06 (0.73-1.54) | 0.775 |
Riboflavin | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.25 (0.95-1.66) | 1.09 (0.76-1.56) | 0.277 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.85 (0.63-1.13) | 0.79 (0.57-1.10) | 0.340 |
Niacin | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.10 (0.80-1.51) | 1.17 (0.77-1.78) | 0.683 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.99 (0.72-1.36) | 0.97 (0.69-1.37) | 0.988 |
Calcium | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.12 (0.83-1.53) | 1.04 (0.70-1.56) | 0.739 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.05 (0.74-1.49) | 0.81 (0.55-1.20) | 0.467 |
Phosphorus | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.68 (0.40-1.16) | 1.81 (1.06-3.10) | 0.011 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.76 (0.54-1.08) | 0.86 (0.60-1.24) | 0.315 |
Sodium | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.95 (0.68-1.32) | 0.82 (0.56-1.20) | 0.601 | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.76 (0.57-1.00) | 0.67 (0.50-0.90) | 0.023 |
Potassium | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.24 (0.90-1.71) | 1.36 (0.89-2.07) | 0.216 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.17 (0.80-1.71) | 0.90 (0.59-1.37) | 0.519 |
Iron | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.87 (0.48-1.58) | 2.28 (1.21-4.27) | 0.012 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.04 (0.61-1.76) | 1.33 (0.77-2.29) | 0.521 |
Overall inadequecyc | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.19 (0.59-2.41) | 3.08 (1.43-6.62) | 0.013 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.15 (0.63-2.10) | 1.49 (0.79-2.81) | 0.436 |
aAdjusted ORs and 95% CIs are calculated via survey logistic regression analyses (dependent variable: individuals who consumed energy lower than 75% of the estimated energy requirement (EER) or nutrients except for cholesterol and sodium lower than estimated average requirement (EAR) or adequate intake. For cholesterol and sodium: individuals who consumed the nutrient in quantities higher than the intake goal; independent variable: the daily frequency of eating with others [reference: 3 times/day]).
Daily frequency of eating with others |
Men |
Pa |
Women |
Pa | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 times/day | 1-2 times/day | 0 time/day | 3 times/day | 1-2 times/day | 0 time/day | |||
BMI, kg/m2 | 23.4±0.1 | 23.5±0.1 | 23.3±0.2 | 0.762 | 23.7±0.3 | 23.7±0.3 | 23.4±0.3 | 0.328 |
Waist circumference, cm | 85.6±0.2 | 85.4±0.2 | 85.6±0.3 | 0.666 | 83.9±0.5 | 83.4±0.5 | 83.6±0.5 | 0.198 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL | 129.0±4.2 | 134.8±5.4 | 131.6±6.5 | 0.515 | 141.6±13.2 | 140.6±12.1 | 130.6±11.7 | 0.140 |
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 46.3±0.5 | 45.8±0.7 | 46.4±0.8 | 0.739 | 49.0±1.4 | 48.7±1.6 | 49.6±1.6 | 0.646 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 122.7±1.3 | 123.8±1.5 | 125.0±1.8 | 0.390 | 126.9±2.9 | 126.1±3.1 | 127.5±3.0 | 0.702 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 72.3±0.7 | 73.0±0.9 | 72.4±1.0 | 0.683 | 72.4±1.6 | 71.8±1.7 | 73.0±1.7 | 0.486 |
Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL | 100.4±1.0 | 101.1±1.2 | 102.0±1.7 | 0.538 | 98.1±1.6 | 98.3±1.7 | 100.1±1.8 | 0.083 |