Effects of 12 Weeks High-Speed Elastic Band Training on Cognitive Function, Physical Performance and Muscle Strength in Older Women with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Dongheon Kang; Heejae Kim; Donghyun Yoon; Jinsoo Kim; Wook Song

doi:10.15384/kjhp.2014.14.1.26

Korean J Health Promot > Volume 14(1); 2014 > Article

Kang, Kim, Yoon, Kim, and Song: Effects of 12 Weeks High-Speed Elastic Band Training on Cognitive Function, Physical Performance and Muscle Strength in Older Women with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Original Article

Korean Journal of Health Promotion 2014;14(1):26-32.

Published online: January 20, 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15384/kjhp.2014.14.1.26

Effects of 12 Weeks High-Speed Elastic Band Training on Cognitive Function, Physical Performance and Muscle Strength in Older Women with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sports Science, Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

Dongheon Kang, Heejae Kim, Donghyun Yoon, Jinsoo Kim, Wook Song

￭ Corresponding author：Wook Song, PhD Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sports Science, Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 151-742, Korea
Tel: +82-2-880-7804, Fax: +82-2-886-7804 E-mail: songw3@snu.ac.kr

Received February 06, 2014 Accepted March 14, 2014

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Background

Exercise has shown to slow down the progression from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to dementia. In particular, not only resistance exercise has been verified to improve physical performance and muscle strength, leading to the prevention of fall-related injuries in the frail elderly, but also cognitive function. In this study, we investigated how high-speed elastic band training, applied using a high-speed power training protocol, affects cognition, physical performance and muscle strength of female elderly individuals with MCI.

Methods

Thirty-nine subjects diagnosed with MCI from one senior college using a Korean version of mini-mental state examination (MMSE-K) and a Korean version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-K) were randomly divided into exercise group (n=20) and control group (n=19). The exercise group completed a 12-week high-speed resistance elastic band exercise program and was encouraged to exercise at home as well during the intervention period.

Results

The results showed significant increases in cognitive function, physical performance and muscle strength assessed by digit span forward test (P<0.001), digit span backward test (P=0.003), the Stroop test B (P=0.031), SPPB scores (P=0.010), right knee 60° extensor peak torque (P=0.004), 60° flexor peak torque (P=0.001), 180° extensor peak torque (P=0.020) and grip strength (P=0.025)

Conclusions

Our study showed that participants with MCI who continued the high-speed elastic band training program for 12 weeks showed improvements in cognitive function, physical performance and muscle strength.

Keywords: Mild cognitive impairment, Resistance training, Cognition, Muscle strength, Aged

Table 1.

General characteristics of subjects^a

Variables	Control group (n=7)	Exercise group (n=14)	P^b
Age, y	78.0±2.8	75.0±3.5	0.079
Height, cm	149.5±4.1	151.4±6.1	0.488
Weight, kg	51.2±4.1	58.4±6.8	0.016
Skeletal muscle mass, kg	17.1±1.5	18.8±2.8	0.255
Body fat, %	33.4±8.3	38.8±5.4	0.244
BMI, kg/m²	22.9±1.8	25.5±2.5	0.006
Waist hip ratio, %	0.9±0.1	0.9±0.1	0.400
MMSE-K, score	22.3±1.1	21.0±1.0	0.025
MoCA-K, score	18.7±2.6	18.3±2.8	0.636

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; MMSE-K, Korean version of mini mental state examination.; MoCA-K, Korean version of Montrea Cognitive Assessment.

^a Values are presented as mean±SD.

^b Calculated by Mann-Whitney U test.

Table 2.

Effects of high-speed elastic band training on cognitive function^a

Variables	Control group (n=7)		Exercise group (n=14)		P^b
Variables	Before	After	Before	After	P^b
DST-F	4.71±0.49	3.00±0.58^c	4.86±0.95	7.00±0.88^d	<0.001
DST-B	2.00±1.00	1.43±0.54	2.43±0.85	3.79±0.43^d	0.003
ST A	11.43±4.72	10.14±3.76	12.21±6.99	13.57±6.17	NS
ST B	6.43±2.82	6.86±2.19	7.21±3.07	10.71±3.22^e	0.031

Abbreviations: DST-F, digit span forward test; DST-B, digit span backward test; ST A, stroop test A; ST B, stroop test B; NS, not significant.

^a Values are presented as mean±SD.

^b Main effect calculated by Mann-Whitney U test.

^c Significantly different compared with Before Control group assessed by Wilcoxon signed rank test, P=0.014.

^d Significantly different compared with Before Exercise group assessed by Wilcoxon signed rank test, P=0.001.

^e Significantly different compared with Before Exercise group assessed by Wilcoxon signed rank test, P=0.007.

Table 3.

Effects of high-speed elastic band training on physical performance test^a

Variables	Control group (n=7)		Exercise group (n=14)		P^b
Variables	Before	After	Before	After	P^b
SPPB (score)	7.14±1.77	7.57±0.98	8.14±2.48	10.79±1.59^c	0.010
TUG (sec)	11.48±1.02	10.59±1.03	10.51±1.86	9.14±1.42^d	NS

Abbreviations: SPPB, short physical performance battery; TUG, timed up and go test; NS, not significant.

^a Values are presented as mean±SD.

^b Main effect calculated by Mann-Whitney U test.

^c Significantly different compared with Before Exercise group assessed by Wilcoxon signed rank test, P=0.002.

^d Significantly different compared with Before Exercise group assessed by Wilcoxon signed rank test, P=0.004.

Table 4.

Effects of high-speed elastic band training on muscle strength^a

Variables			Control group (n=7)		Exercise group (n=14)		P^b
Variables			Before	After	Before	After	P^b
60°/sec (Nm)	Knee extensor	Peak TQ (R)/BW	105.71±20.92	116.86±31.74	77.57±29.03	115.43±31.92^c	0.004
	Knee flexor	Peak TQ (R)/BW	74.86±17.44	58.14±18.00^d	66.21±20.77	67.43±17.82	0.001
180°/sec (Nm)	Knee extensor	Peak TQ (R)/BW	29.43±7.98	33.29±9.80^d	28.71±12.63	39.29±11.45^c	0.020
	Knee flexor	Peak TQ (R)/BW	54.43±9.26	37.71±9.93^d	44.14±14.49	36.00±15.11^e	NS
Grip strength			17.69±1.91	18.99±1.81	19.26±3.57	24.01±4.14^c	0.025

Abbreviations: Nm, newton meter; TQ, torque; R, right; BW, body weight; NS, not significant.

^a Values are presented as mean±SD.

^b Main effect calculated by Mann-Whitney U test.

^c Significantly different compared with Before Exercise group assessed by Wilcoxon signed rank test, P=0.001.

^d Significantly different compared with Before Control group assessed by Wilcoxon signed rank test, P=0.018.

^e Significantly different compared with Before Exercise group assessed by Wilcoxon signed rank test, P=0.041.

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