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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.0" xml:lang="ko" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">KJHP</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Korean Journal of Health Promotion</journal-title><abbrev-journal-title>Korean J Health Promot</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2234-2141</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2093-5676</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>The Korean Society of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15384/kjhp.2022.22.2.68</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">kjhp-2022-22-2-68</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group>
<subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>음식문화의 소수자로서 채식주의자의 식사경험에 대한 통합적 문헌고찰: 질적 연구를 중심으로</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">An Integrative Review on Dining Experiences of Vegetarians as a Minority Food Culture: Based on Qualitative Research</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2568-8855</contrib-id>
<name-alternatives>
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Park</surname><given-names>Min Kyung</given-names></name>
<name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ko"><surname>박</surname><given-names>민경</given-names></name>
</name-alternatives>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-kjhp-2022-22-2-68"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5925-7124</contrib-id>
<name-alternatives>
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Jasmyn</given-names></name>
<name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ko"><surname>김</surname><given-names>쟈스민</given-names></name>
</name-alternatives>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-kjhp-2022-22-2-68"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9806-2757</contrib-id>
<name-alternatives>
<name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Sanghee</given-names></name>
<name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ko"><surname>김</surname><given-names>상희</given-names></name>
</name-alternatives>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-kjhp-2022-22-2-68"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-kjhp-2022-22-2-68"><sup>3</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff-alternatives id="af1-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">
<aff xml:lang="en"><label>1</label>Department of Nursing, Graduate School of Yonsei University, Seoul, <country>Korea</country></aff>
<aff xml:lang="ko"><label>1</label>연세대학교 대학원 간호학과</aff>
</aff-alternatives>
<aff-alternatives id="af2-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">
<aff xml:lang="en"><label>2</label>Department of Applied Sports Industry Studies, Graduate School of Yonsei University, Seoul, <country>Korea</country></aff>
<aff xml:lang="ko"><label>2</label>연세대학교 대학원 스포츠응용산업학과</aff>
</aff-alternatives>
<aff-alternatives id="af3-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">
<aff xml:lang="en"><label>3</label>Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, College of Nursing, Yonsei University, Seoul, <country>Korea</country></aff>
<aff xml:lang="ko"><label>3</label>연세대학교 간호대학 김모임 간호학 연구소</aff>
</aff-alternatives>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">Corresponding author : Sanghee Kim, PhD, RN Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, College of Nursing, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea Tel: +82-2-2228-3388, Fax: +82-2-2227-8303 E-mail: <email>SANGHEEKIM@yuhs.ac</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<month>6</month>
<year>2022</year></pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>30</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2022</year></pub-date>
<volume>22</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>68</fpage>
<lpage>83</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>24</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2022</year></date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>11</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2022</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>6</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2022</year></date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright &#x000a9; 2022  Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2022</copyright-year>
<license>
<license-p>Articles published in the KJHP are open-access, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions>
<abstract>
<sec><title>연구배경</title>
<p>채식주의 식단의 건강 유익성이 강조되고, 기후 변화에 대한 육류 소비의 기여와 그로 인한 건강 유해성에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있음에도 채식주의자의 식사경험을 이해하기 위한 연구는 거의 수행되지 않았다. 본 연구는 음식문화 소수자로서 채식주의자의 식사경험을 탐구한 질적연구를 분석하고 평가함으로써 음식문화 소수자의 어려움을 이해하고 이를 극복하기 위한 대안 마련 전략을 모색하고자 한다.</p></sec>
<sec><title>방법</title>
<p>본 연구는 질적 연구논문을 통합적 고찰 방법으로 분석한 문헌분석 연구이다. Whittemore와 Knafl의 지침에 따라 연구 문제 규정, 문헌 검색, 문헌 평가, 문헌 분석, 문헌 제시의 5단계로 검토를 시행하였다.</p></sec>
<sec><title>결과</title>
<p>검색된 413개의 논문 중 12개의 연구가 선택기준을 충족하였다. 채식주의자의 식사경험과 관련된 세 가지 특성이 도출되었다: (1) 건강해진다고 느낌, (2) 정체성을 확립함, (3) 건강한 식생활로의 전환. 검토 결과 채식주의자가 채식주의 식단을 유지하는 데 겪는 어려움의 많은 부분이 비채식인과의 관계로 인한 것이며, 채식주의자는 비채식주의자와 긍정적으로 상호작용하기 위해 다양한 협상 전략을 사용하고 있었다.</p></sec>
<sec><title>결론</title>
<p>본 연구는 채식주의자에게 채식주의 식단은 그들의 정체성을 반영하는 삶의 방식이며, 더 건강한 삶을 위한 중요한 전환이라는 것을 발견하였다. 음식 문화의 소수자로서 채식주의자들의 식사 경험이 어떠한지 이해하고 그들이 직면한 어려움에 대한 대안을 고려함으로써 건강한 식사경험으로의 전환을 촉진해야 한다.</p></sec>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<sec><title>Background</title>
<p> Despite the emphasis on the health benefits of a vegetarian diet and growing interest in the contribution of meat consumption to climate change and the resulting health hazards, few studies have been conducted to understand the vegetarian dining experience. The purpose of this study was to analyze characteristics of qualitative research on dining experiences for vegetarians, and to suggest development directions for understanding and coping with it.</p></sec>
<sec><title>Methods</title>
<p> An integrative review method was used. Based on Whittemore &amp; Knafl&#x02019;s approach, five steps were applied.</p></sec>
<sec><title>Results</title>
<p> Of the 413 articles initially retrieved from the electronic databases, 12 studies met the selection criteria. Three characteristics related to the dining experiences of vegetarians were derived: (1) feeling healthy, (2) establishing identity, and (3) transition to healthy diet. Results emphasize that many of the difficulties that vegetarians face in maintaining a vegetarian diet are due to relationships with non-vegetarians, and vegetarians use various negotiation strategies to positively interact with non-vegetarians.</p></sec>
<sec><title>Conclusions</title>
<p> This review found that for vegetarians, a vegetarian diet is a lifestyle that reflects their identity and is an important transition for a healthier life. As a minority in the food culture, there is a need to promote the transition to a healthy dining experience by understanding what the dining experience of vegetarians is like and considering alternatives to the difficulties they face.</p></sec>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<kwd>Diet</kwd>
<kwd>Vegetarians</kwd>
<kwd>Food</kwd>
<kwd>Review</kwd>
<kwd>Qualitative research</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="ko">
<kwd>식사</kwd>
<kwd>채식주의자</kwd>
<kwd>음식</kwd>
<kwd>문헌 검토</kwd>
<kwd>질적 연구</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta></front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>서 론</title>
<sec>
<title>1. 연구의 필요성</title>
<p>채식주의 식단의 잠재적인 건강 증진 효과로 인해 채식주의에 대한 대중의 관심이 증가하고 있으며 채식주의 식단의 영양에 대한 과학적 근거 또한 주목받고 있다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">1</xref>&#x0005d;. 세계 채식주의 인구 보고서에 따르면 전 세계 국가의 채식주의자의 수는 계속 증가하고 있고&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">2</xref>&#x0005d; 점점 더 많은 사람들이 육류 소비를 줄이면서 이를 장려하고 지원하는 캠페인도 성장하고 있다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">3</xref>&#x0005d;. 채식주의는 동물성 식품의 일부 또는 전부를 피하는 다양한 식단선택을 설명하는 데 포괄적으로 사용되며 일반적으로 높은 수준의 복합 탄수화물, 섬유질, 비타민 C와 비타민 E 등의 항산화제를 더 많이 포함하는 경향이 있고, 비채식주의 식단에 비해 지방 및 콜레스테롤 함량이 낮다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">4</xref>&#x0005d;. 채식주의 식단 섭취를 통한 심혈관 질환 및 일부 유형의 암 발병 위험 감소&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">7</xref>&#x0005d;, 모든 원인으로 인한 사망률 감소&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">8</xref>&#x0005d; 등 다양한 건강상 이점이 보고됨에 따라, 미국 식이요법협회(American Dietetic Association)는 잘 계획된 채식주의 식단은 영양학적으로 적절하고 건강에 좋으며, 특정 질병의 예방 및 치료에 도움이 된다고 밝혔다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">2</xref>&#x0005d;. 이처럼 식물성 식단을 섭취하는 것은 비교적 짧은 시간에 건강과 웰빙에 큰 영향을 미쳐&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">9</xref>&#x0005d; 효과적인 건강 증진 전략이 될 수 있지만, 적절히 계획되지 않으면 비타민 B-12, 비타민 D, 칼슘, 아연, 철 등의 필수 영양소를 권장량보다 낮게 섭취할 수 있으므로&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">10</xref>&#x0005d; 건강전문가의 접근이 요구되는 영역이다.</p>
<p>식사는 신체를 움직이게 하는 에너지를 공급하는 행위이지만 그 이상의 의미를 지니며, 인간은 식사를 매개로 사회적 관계를 형성하고 유지하기도 한다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b11-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">11</xref>&#x0005d;. 채식주의 식단을 선택할 때 고려되는 요소는 건강, 윤리, 경제, 환경, 종교, 문화, 사회적 관심 등으로 다양하며, 이는 개인의 생각, 행동 및 사회적 상호작용의 많은 부분에 영향을 미친다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">13</xref>&#x0005d;. 즉, 무엇을 먹기로 선택했는지는 개인의 신체적, 정신적 건강에 영향을 미칠 수 있으며 식사 문화의 소수자인 채식주의자는 식사 과정에서 비채식인과는 매우 다른 여러 사건을 경험할 수 있다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">14</xref>&#x0005d;. 따라서, 채식주의자가 다수의 사람들과 다른 방식으로 먹기로 결정한 동기는 무엇인지, 그들이 음식을 보고 다루는 경험은 어떠한지에 대한 고찰이 필요하며, 음식 문화 소수자로서 채식주의자가 공통적으로 겪는 어려움도 확인해야 한다.</p>
<p>채식주의 식단에 대한 관심이 높아지고, 채식주의자의 수가 증가하는 것과는 대조적으로, 채식주의자의 식사경험을 이해하기 위한 연구는 드물며 이의 연구동향을 파악한 문헌도 부족한 실정이다. 질적 연구는 통찰과 발견 및 해석에 중점을 두는 연구 방법으로, 인간생활 세계의 경험을 풍부히 묘사함으로써 대상자들의 진솔한 이야기를 바탕으로 현상에 대한 깊이 있고 폭넓은 이해가 가능하다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">15</xref>&#x0005d;. 따라서 질적 연구를 중심으로 채식주의자의 식사경험을 살펴보는 것은 식사문화 소수자인 채식주의자의 식사경험에 대한 다양한 측면을 살펴볼 수 있어 그들이 직면한 어려움에 대한 대안을 마련하는 데 도움이 될 것이다.</p>
<p>이에, 본 연구에서는 채식주의자의 전반적인 식사경험에 대한 질적 연구를 통합적 문헌고찰 방법을 활용해 고찰함으로써 채식주의자의 식사경험에 대한 연구의 특성을 기술하는 한편, 채식주의자의 식사경험의 실체를 종합적으로 파악함으로써 식사문화 소수자들의 어려움을 파악하고 대처하기 위한 발전 방향을 제시하고자 한다.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>2. 연구 목적</title>
<p>본 연구의 목적은 채식주의자의 식사경험을 탐구한 질적연구를 분석하고 평가함으로써 음식문화 소수자로서 채식주의자가 겪는 어려움을 이해하고 이를 극복하기 위한 대안 마련 전략을 모색하는 것이다.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>방 법</title>
<sec>
<title>1. 연구 설계</title>
<p>본 연구는 음식문화 소수자로서 채식주의자의 식사경험을 탐구한 질적 연구논문을 통합적 고찰 방법으로 분석한 문헌분석 연구이다.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>2. 연구 절차</title>
<p>본 연구에서는 Whittemore와 Knafl &#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">16</xref>&#x0005d;의 지침에 따라 연구 문제 규정(problem identification), 문헌 검색(literature search), 문헌 평가(data evaluation), 문헌 분석(data analysis), 문헌 제시(data presentation)의 5단계로 검토를 시행하였다.</p>
<sec>
<title>1) 연구 문제 규정(problem identification)</title>
<p>Whittemore와 Knafl &#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">16</xref>&#x0005d;이 제시한 통합적 문헌고찰의 첫 번째 단계는 고찰하고자 하는 현상을 연구 목적으로 명확하게 하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 채식주의자의 다른 특정 경험에 집중한 문헌은 제외하고 식사경험에 대한 문헌고찰을 수행하였다. 본 연구의 연구 문제는 &#x0201c;각 질적 연구들을 통해 탐색된 채식주의자의 식사경험은 어떠한가?&#x0201d;이다. 구체적인 연구 문제는 다음과 같다: (1) 채식주의자가 채식을 하는 이유는 무엇인가?, (2) 채식주의자의 식사경험의 내용과 본질은 무엇인가?, (3) 채식주의자가 겪는 어려움은 무엇인가?</p>
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<sec>
<title>2) 문헌 검색 및 선정(literature search)</title>
<p>두 번째 단계는 문헌 검색 단계로, 연구의 신뢰성과 문헌 검색의 정확성을 높이기 위하여 그 과정을 상세히 기록해야 한다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">16</xref>&#x0005d;. 본 문헌고찰의 선정기준은 (1) 심사(peer-review)를 거쳐 국내 학술지에 게재된 질적 연구논문, (2) 채식주의자의 특정한 다른 경험이 아니라 일반적인 식사경험을 다룬 논문이다. 문헌고찰에서 제외된 논문은 (1) 학위논문, 편집자 편지, 학술대회 발표 논문 등, (2) 혼합 방법(mixed-method)을 사용한 논문, (3) 플렉시테리언을 대상으로 한 논문이었다.</p>
<p>본 연구의 문헌 검색 범위는 2011년 1월부터 2021년 10월까지 10년으로 설정하였다. 검색 데이터베이스는 국내문헌은 RISS, KISS, KoreaMed, Google Scholar, 국외문헌은 PubMed, Embase, EBSCO, Google Scholar를 이용하였다. 주제어는 국문은 (1) &#x02018;채식&#x02019;, &#x02018;채식주의&#x02019;, &#x02018;채식주의자&#x02019;, (2) &#x02018;식문화&#x02019;, &#x02018;식문화소수자&#x02019;, (3) &#x02018;경험&#x02019;, &#x02018;질적&#x02019;으로 조합하여 검색하였으며, 영문은 (1) &#x02018;vegetarians&#x02019;, &#x02018;diet, vegetarian&#x02019;, (2) &#x02018;sociology of food&#x02019;, &#x02018;food-related life&#x02019;, &#x02018;minority food culture&#x02019;, (3) &#x02018;experience&#x02019;, &#x02018;dietary experience&#x02019;, &#x02018;qualitative research&#x02019;로 조합하여 검색하였다.</p>
<p>이를 통한 초기 검색 결과에서는 RISS와 KISS에서 국내 문헌이 각각 80건, 18건 검색되었으며 KoreaMed에서는 검색된 문헌이 없었다. 국외문헌은 PubMed에서 67건, Embase에서 69건, EBSCO에서 163건, Google Scholar에서 18건이 검색되었다. 총 415건에서 중복된 115건을 제외하고, 300건의 논문의 제목 또는 초록을 검토하여 본 연구의 주제에 해당하지 않는 257건을 제외하였다. 이를 통해 확보된 43건의 논문을 직접 읽고 본 연구의 포함기준과 일치되지 않는 35건(일반적인 식사경험이 아닌 문헌 8건, 대상자가 고기를 먹지 않는 채식주의자가 아닌 문헌 12건, 질적 연구가 아닌 문헌 5건, 혼합 연구 방법 3건, 학위논문 5건, 원문확보 불가능한 문헌 2건)을 제외한 후 8건의 문헌을 채택하였으며, 참고 문헌 목록을 수기 검토한 후 4건을 추가하여 총 12건의 문헌을 선정하였다(<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">Appendix 1</xref>). 문헌 선정 과정은 한 명의 연구자가 먼저 수행한 후 다른 한 명의 연구자에게 초기 검색된 문헌에 대한 정보와 선택 및 배제 사유를 공유하였으며, 공유받은 연구자가 선정 과정을 재검토한 후 의견 불일치가 있는 경우 논의를 통해 최종 논문을 선정하였다.</p>
<p>체계적 문헌고찰과 메타분석을 위해 선택된 보고시스템(A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses &#x0005b;PRISMA&#x0005d;) &#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">17</xref>&#x0005d; 도표를 이용하여 문헌 검색 및 선정 과정을 제시하였다(<xref rid="f1-kjhp-2022-22-2-68" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
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<sec>
<title>3) 문헌 평가(data evaluation)</title>
<p>선별 과정을 거쳐 선정된 최종 논문을 Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) Qualitative Studies Checklist 도구를 활용하여 평가하였다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">18</xref>&#x0005d;. CASP는 총 10가지 항목으로 구성되어 있으며, 연구 목적에 대한 명확한 진술이 있는지, 이 연구에 질적 연구 방법론이 적절한지, 연구 목적에 따른 연구 설계가 적절한지, 대상자 모집 전략이 연구 목적에 적합하였는지, 연구 문제를 다루는 방법으로 자료를 수집하였는지, 연구자와 대상자 간 관계를 적절하게 고려하였는지, 윤리적 문제는 고려되었는지, 자료 분석이 엄격하게 이루어졌는지, 결과의 진술은 명확하게 이루어졌는지의 9가지 항목에 대하여는 예(yes), 판단하기 어려움(can&#x02019;t tell), 아니오(no)의 세 척도로 평가하고, 연구의 가치에 대한 평가를 다루는 마지막 항목은 주관식으로 기술하게 되어있다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">18</xref>&#x0005d;. 최종 선정된 문헌을 두 명의 연구자가 독립적으로 평가하였고, 12건의 문헌들을 평가하였을 때, 모든 항목이 아니오(no)로 평가되어 제외된 문헌은 없었다. 선정 문헌 12건 각각에 대한 구체적인 평가 내용은 부록으로 제시하였다(<xref ref-type="app" rid="app2-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">Appendix 2</xref>).</p>
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<sec>
<title>4) 문헌 분석(data analysis)</title>
<p>본 연구자는 최종 선정된 문헌을 본 검토의 연구 문제에 따라 채식을 하는 이유, 채식주의자에게 식사경험의 의미, 채식주의자가 경험한 어려움을 중심으로 내용을 정리하여 분석하였다. 문헌 분석의 객관성을 유지하기 위하여 먼저한 명의 연구자가 분석을 위한 틀을 구성하고 다른 두 명의 연구자에게 분석 과정을 공유하였으며, 두 연구자의 의견을 수렴하여 분석틀을 보완한 후 추가 분석을 진행하였다.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>5) 문헌 제시(data presentation)</title>
<p>Wittemore와 Knafl &#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">16</xref>&#x0005d;은 표와 그림의 형태로 통합적 문헌 고찰의 결론을 나타내면 연구의 결과의 논리적 흐름을 보여줄 수 있고, 비교와 대조 과정을 쉽게 할 수 있다고 하였다. 이에 본 연구에서는 선택된 문헌의 리스트를 제시하고(<xref rid="t1-kjhp-2022-22-2-68" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>), 도출된 주요 개념에 대한 정보를 표로 제공하여 이해를 돕고자 하였다(<xref rid="t2-kjhp-2022-22-2-68" ref-type="table">Tables 2</xref>-<xref rid="t3-kjhp-2022-22-2-68" ref-type="table"/><xref rid="t4-kjhp-2022-22-2-68" ref-type="table"/><xref rid="t5-kjhp-2022-22-2-68" ref-type="table">5</xref>). 도출된 속성은 결과 부분에 제시하였다.</p>
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</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>결 과</title>
<sec>
<title>1. 연구 자료의 일반적 특성</title>
<p>본 연구에서 선정된 12건 연구의 일반적 특성은 다음과 같다(<xref rid="t1-kjhp-2022-22-2-68" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>). 채식주의자의 식사경험을 탐구한 질적 연구는 2011-2015년 6건(50.0%) &#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">24</xref>&#x0005d;, 2018-2021년 6건(40.0%) &#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>&#x0005d;이 발표되었다. 연구 설계는 현상학적 연구 방법이 4건(30.0%) &#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">26</xref>&#x0005d;, 근거이론 방법 2건(16.7%) &#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">25</xref>&#x0005d;, 내러티브 탐구 2건(16.7%) &#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>&#x0005d;, 자문화기술지 1건(8.3%) &#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>&#x0005d;이었고, 자료의 분석 방법은 제시하였으나 질적 연구의 설계를 명확하게 밝히지 않은 문헌이 3건(25.0%) &#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">27</xref>&#x0005d;이었다. 질적 연구 수행 시 신뢰도와 타당도를 확보하기 위한 방법론적 접근이 권고되고 있으나, 본 검토에 포함된 12건 중 11건(91.7%) &#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>&#x0005d;은 연구의 엄격성 확보를 위한 근거를 밝히지 않았다. 연구의 대상자는 채식의 여러 단계 중 모든 동물성 식품을 섭취하지 않는 비건만을 대상으로 한 연구가 3건(25.0%) &#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>&#x0005d;, 고기를 먹지 않는 채식주의자를 포함한 연구가 9건(75.0%) &#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">27</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>&#x0005d;이었다.</p>
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<sec>
<title>2. 채식주의자의 식사경험</title>
<sec>
<title>1) 채식을 하는 이유</title>
<p>본 연구에서 분석한 12건의 논문에서는 대상자들이 채식주의 식단을 하는 이유가 도출되었는데 주로 건강, 윤리적 이유로 선택하였다(<xref rid="t2-kjhp-2022-22-2-68" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>). 먼저 건강 측면에서, 대상자는 육식의 건강 유해성을 깨달았고&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>&#x0005d;, 채식주의 식단의 영양에 대해 과학기반으로 접근함으로써&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>&#x0005d; 건강 유익성을 확인하였다. 윤리 측면에서는 다른 살아있는 것들과 연결감을 느꼈으며&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>&#x0005d;, 감정적으로 동요되었다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">25</xref>&#x0005d;. 윤리적 이유로 채식을 하는 대상자는 건강을 위한 채식을 이기적이라고 생각하였다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>&#x0005d;.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>2) 식사경험의 의미</title>
<p>12건 논문을 통해 도출한 대상자의 식사경험은 주요한 변화와 연결되어 있었다(<xref rid="t3-kjhp-2022-22-2-68" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref>). 대상자는 채식을 통해 신체적&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>&#x0005d;, 정신적&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>&#x0005d;으로 건강해진다고 느꼈으며, 채식이 자신을 반영한다고 느끼고&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>&#x0005d;, 식단 선택에 대한 자부심을 가짐으로써&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>&#x0005d; 정체성을 확립했다고 응답하였다. 또한, 채식주의 식사를 통해 요리를 하게 되었고&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>&#x0005d;, 건강한 음식을 선호하게 되었고&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>&#x0005d;, 신체 이미지에 집착하지 않게 됨으로써&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">26</xref>&#x0005d; 건강한 식생활로의 전환을 경험하였다.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>3) 채식주의자가 경험한 어려움</title>
<p>각 연구에서 채식주의자가 식사 과정에서 경험한 어려움이 도출되어, 식사문화 소수자로서 채식주의자의 식사의 질을 높이기 위해 고려해야 할 점을 찾아볼 수 있었다(<xref rid="t4-kjhp-2022-22-2-68" ref-type="table">Table 4</xref>). 채식주의자는 채식을 제한적인 식단으로 보고&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>&#x0005d;, 복잡하다고 생각하는&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>&#x0005d; 고정관념에 어려움을 느꼈다. 또한, 비채식인의 채식에 대한 무지&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">24</xref>&#x0005d;와 채식에 대해 듣고 싶어하지 않고&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">26</xref>&#x0005d;, 변화를 원하지 않는&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>&#x0005d; 비채식인의 저항으로 인해 단절감을 경험하였다. 동시에 채식주의자는 사람들의 인식에 과민하게 반응하고&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">28</xref>&#x0005d;, 부정적 인식을 가정하고&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">28</xref>&#x0005d; 자신을 개방하지 않고&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">28</xref>&#x0005d;, 도덕적 우월감을 느끼면서&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">25</xref>&#x0005d; 스스로 경계를 만들었으며, 비채식인과 입장이 상충되면서도&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>&#x0005d; 불쾌감을 주는 존재가 되고 싶지 않은&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">28</xref>&#x0005d; 딜레마를 경험하였다. 또한, 채식주의자는 소외되고&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">24</xref>&#x0005d;, 고기를 먹도록 강요당하고&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">25</xref>&#x0005d;, 부정적 관심을 경험함으로써&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>&#x0005d; 대인관계에 어려움을 겪었고, 음식에 대한 정보가 부족하고&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>&#x0005d;, 선택권이 적어&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>&#x0005d; 외식에 어려움이 있었다.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>4) 채식주의자의 협상 전략</title>
<p>채식주의자는 어려움을 해결하거나 완화하기 위하여 다양한 협상 전략을 사용하고 있었다(<xref rid="t5-kjhp-2022-22-2-68" ref-type="table">Table 5</xref>). 채식주의자는 비채식인에게 긍정적인 경험을 제공함으로써 고정관념을 깨고자 하였고&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>&#x0005d;, 채식을 강요하지 않고&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">28</xref>&#x0005d;, 비채식인을 판단하지 않고&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">28</xref>&#x0005d;, 극단주의자가 되는 것을 피하고&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">28</xref>&#x0005d;, 대립보다는 교육을 장려함으로써&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>&#x0005d; 비채식인과 대립하지 않고자 노력하였다. 또한, 비채식인에게 모범을 보이고&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>&#x0005d;, 채식에 대해 말할 적절한 때를 기다리고&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">28</xref>&#x0005d;, 비채식인과 공통의 관심사를 찾음으로써&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>&#x0005d; 온화하고 점진적인 태도로 접근하였으며, 채식에 대해 근거 중심으로 접근하거나&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>&#x0005d; 입장을 확고하게 굳힘으로써&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>&#x0005d; 자신의 통제력을 유지하였다.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>고 찰</title>
<p>본 연구는 채식주의자의 식사경험을 탐색한 질적 연구를 이용하여 채식주의자에게 식사경험이 주는 의미를 중심으로 논의하면서 추후 음식문화 소수자에 대한 연구 방향을 모색하고자 한다.</p>
<sec>
<title>1. 건강, 환경, 윤리를 지키기 위한 소수자로서의 채식주의자의 식사경험</title>
<p>본 연구에 포함된 문헌을 통해서 채식주의자의 건강적, 환경적, 윤리적 이유를 확인하였으며, 주로 건강을 유지, 증진하기 위해서, 비윤리적인 행위를 피하기 위해서 채식을 하고 있음을 확인하였다. 이는 서구인이 육류 섭취를 자제하는 가장 큰 이유가 환경적 우려가 아니라 건강 및 윤리적 우려라고 밝힌 최근의 체계적 문헌고찰 연구 결과와 일치한다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b31-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">31</xref>&#x0005d;. 동물성 식품을 섭취하지 않는다는 공통점이 있음에도 불구하고, 채식을 하는 이유에 따라 집단 간 차이와 긴장감을 확인할 수 있었는데, 채식의 주된 이유가 자신의 건강인 채식주의자의 경우 환경적, 윤리적 이유로 채식을 하는 사람들과는 달리 식습관의 중요성을 더 강조하는 경향이 있었다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>&#x0005d;. 반면 환경적, 윤리적 이유로 채식을 하는 사람은 자신의 건강을 위해 채식하는 것을 이기적이라고 평가하였고&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">21</xref>&#x0005d;, 자기 자신에게 초점을 맞춘 그러한 이유가 진정한 채식주의자로서 적절하지 않다고 간주하였다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>&#x0005d;. 이는 채식주의자에게 있어 식사가 단순한 영양 섭취 이상의 의미를 가지며, 정체성이 반영되는 행위이기 때문인 것으로 보인다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>&#x0005d;. 선행 연구에서도 채식주의자가 채식을 고려하는 데는 여러 가지 이유가 있으며 그러한 동기는 다른 사람, 동물 및 더 넓은 환경복지에 대한 세계관이라고 강조한 바 있다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b32-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">32</xref>&#x0005d;. 실제로 본 분석에서 채식주의자들은 채식주의 식단을 통해 자신의 정체성을 확립하는 것으로 확인되었다. 채식주의자들은 채식이 자신의 삶의 방식이며, 또한 자기 자신이라고 표현하였고&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>&#x0005d;, 식단을 통해 어느 정도의 불편감을 감수하고 옳은 일을 실천하는 자신에게 자부심을 느낀다고 하였다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>&#x0005d;. 채식주의 식단의 선택 동기는 식단에 대한 만족감에 영향을 미치며 신체적, 정신적, 영적 건강 및 웰빙에 기여하는 것으로 보고되고 있으므로&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b33-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b34-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">34</xref>&#x0005d; 채식주의 식단에 접근할 때 식단 선택에 대한 이유를 고려해야 하며, 선택 이유에 따라 어떠한 어려움이 있는지 파악할 수 있는 연구가 이루어져야 할 것이다.</p>
<p>채식을 통한 일련의 변화는 채식주의자가 그들 자신, 타인, 동물 및 환경을 포함하여 삶의 여러 측면에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 치유를 경험하게 함으로써 삶에서 중요한 역할을 할 수 있다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">26</xref>&#x0005d;. 본 분석에서 채식주의자는 채식을 실천하면서 일상에서 더 건강한 음식을 선호하게 되었으며, 요리를 하게 되었고, 신체적, 정신적으로 건강해진다고 느꼈다. 선행 연구에서도 무엇을 먹기로 선택하고 어떠한 생활 방식을 따르기로 선택하느냐가 개인의 신체적, 정신적 건강에 큰 영향을 미칠 수 있다고 강조하며, 채식주의를 통해 신체적, 정신적 건강이 크게 증가한 결과를 제시하였다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">14</xref>&#x0005d;. 음식은 인간의 신체적, 정신적 건강에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 중요한 요소임에도 질병 예방 및 건강관리 영역에서 종종 간과되는 요소이다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b35-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">35</xref>&#x0005d;. 식이 관련 질병의 발생 빈도가 높아짐에 따라 대체 영양법이 대중화되고 있고&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b36-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">36</xref>&#x0005d;, 특히 채식주의 식단은 건강상의 이점에 대한 과학적 근거가 계속해서 증가하여 그 실행에 대한 지침이 요구되고 있다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b37-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">37</xref>&#x0005d;. 본 분석을 통하여 채식주의자에게 채식은 그들의 정체성이자 삶의 방식이며 더 건강한 삶으로의 전환점이라는 것을 확인하였으므로, 건강전문가는 채식주의자가 영양적으로 식단을 잘 계획하고 성공적인 식사경험을 할 수 있도록 격려하고 제안함으로써 정신적, 신체적 치유를 경험하도록 도와야 할 것이다.</p>
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<sec>
<title>2. 음식문화 소수자로서 채식주의자가 갖는 도전</title>
<p>식탁은 채식주의자에게 사회적 부담이 가해지는 구심점이다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">19</xref>&#x0005d;. 본 연구에서 검토한 결과 채식주의자가 채식주의 식단을 유지하는 데 겪는 어려움의 많은 부분이 비채식인과의 관계에 따른 것으로 파악되었다. 채식주의자는 비채식인이 채식주의 식단에 대해 무지하면서도 알고 싶어하지 않고 듣지 않는 것에 좌절감을 느꼈고, 비채식인과 단절감을 경험하였으며, 대인관계에 어려움을 겪기도 하였다. 동시에 본 분석은 채식주의자가 스스로 비채식인과의 경계를 만들고 자신을 주변화하기도 한다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 채식주의자는 음식에 대해 이야기할 때 채식에 대한 다른 사람들의 인식에 과민하게 반응하였고, 자신의 식단이 오해받는 것을 두려워하였다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>&#x0005d;. 채식주의자 중 일부는 비채식인이 반응을 보이기도 전에 자신을 부정적으로 인식할 것을 예상하고&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">28</xref>&#x0005d; 자신을 소외시키기로 결정하였고&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>&#x0005d;, 식단이나 정체성에 대해 이야기하고 싶어 하지 않았다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">28</xref>&#x0005d;. 또한, 일부는 채식주의 식단에 대한 자신의 견해를 밝히고 싶어하면서도 다른 사람에게 불쾌감을 주거나 비판적인 존재로 비추어지기를 원하지 않는&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>&#x0005d; 이념적 딜레마를 경험하였다. 채식주의자는 채식이 비채식주의 관행의 주요 측면에 대한 암묵적인 비판이기 때문에 본질적으로 입장이 상충한다고 생각하면서&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">24</xref>&#x0005d; 비채식인이 자신에게 동의하지 않을 것을 예상하였다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">25</xref>&#x0005d;. Van Manen과 Levering &#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b38-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">38</xref>&#x0005d;은 사람들이 배제되었다고 느낄 때 종종 그것은 고의적인 배제가 아닌 오해이며, 어떠한 경우엔 이러한 배제에 대한 의심이 가벼운 편집증을 보이기도 한다고 하였다. 채식주의자의 인식된 배제는 그것이 실제인지 여부와 상관없이 소외감을 느끼게 함으로써 비채식인이 채식주의자를 알아갈 수 있는 진정한 소통의 기회를 박탈할 수 있다. 채식주의자에게 채식은 자아, 정체성, 삶에 큰 영향을 미치는 심오한 변화이므로&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">26</xref>&#x0005d; 비채식인의 부정적 인식을 단정하기보다는 소통의 가능성을 열어 두고 진실한 관계를 맺어야 한다.</p>
<p>채식주의자가 비채식인의 고정관념 및 비채식인과의 단절감에 대한 어려움을 토로하면서도 자신을 개방하지 못하고 이념적 딜레마를 경험하는 본 분석 결과는 음식 문제가 표면적으로 보이는 것보다 얼마나 복잡한 문제인지를 보여준다. 채식주의자는 우리 사회의 음식문화에서 소수자이기 때문에 육식을 하는 다수가 인식하는 것보다 훨씬 더 복잡한 문제를 경험할 수 있다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>&#x0005d;. 채식주의 식단으로의 전환은 건강 및 웰빙에 직접적인 영향을 미칠 수 있으므로 주요하게 다뤄져야 한다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b39-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">39</xref>&#x0005d;. 특히 선행 연구에서는 채식주의 식단을 유지하는 것이 정신건강에 미치는 영향이 문화적 배경에 따라 다를 수 있음을 강조하며 문화적, 경제적 상황을 고려한 조사가 이루어져야 한다고 제안하였다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b34-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">34</xref>&#x0005d;. 문화권에 따라 채식주의자의 비율이 다르고, 채식을 선택하는 이유도 다른 것으로 보고되고 있으므로&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b34-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">34</xref>&#x0005d; 각 문화권의 문화적 신념과 사회경제적 상황을 고려한 조사가 이루어져야 한다.</p>
<p>채식인과 비채식인의 집단 간 긴장감을 완화하기 위하여 건강전문가가 채식주의 식단의 건강상 이점에 대한 근거 기반 교육을 제공하는 것은 효과적인 방안이 될 수 있을 것이다. 선행 연구에서는 단순히 육식을 줄이기 위한 동기를 부여하는 것보다 이를 달성하기 위해 보다 개별화된 중재를 개발하는 것이 더 효과적일 수 있다고 하였다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b40-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">40</xref>&#x0005d;. 또한, 교육을 강조하는 접근이 비채식인으로부터 긍정적인 반응을 얻을 가능성이 높다고 하였다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b41-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">41</xref>&#x0005d;. 채식주의 식사가 다양한 측면에서 건강에 도움이 된다는 과학적 근거가 축적되고 있으므로&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">9</xref>&#x0005d;, 개인의 건강 상태에 맞추어 식물성 식단의 건강유익성을 교육하고 중재한다면 채식주의 식단에 대한 비채식인의 고정관념을 줄이는 데 도움이 될 것이다. 이를 통해 채식인과 비채식인의 긴장감을 완화하고, 채식인에게 음식에 대한 더 많은 정보와 선택권을 제공하는 문화를 조성하는데 직간접적으로 기여해야 한다.</p>
<p>채식주의 식단에 대한 관심이 높아짐에도 불구하고, 아직까지 건강전문가의 접근은 부족한 실정이다. 채식주의 식단의 영양에 대한 건강전문가의 지식수준을 파악한 연구에 따르면, 현재 건강전문가는 채식주의 식단에 따른 건강 결과와 영양소에 대한 정보가 전반적으로 부족한 상태이며, 특히 생애주기의 여러 단계에서 채식주의 식단을 채택하는 것과 관련된 지식이 부족한 것으로 확인되었다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b42-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">42</xref>&#x0005d;. 적절히 계획되지 못한 채식주의 식단은 영양소 결핍으로 이어질 수 있으므로&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b43-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">43</xref>&#x0005d;, 건강전문가는 채식주의 식단을 선택한 사람들의 영양 불균형을 예방하고, 영양 불균형을 빠르게 발견하여 조치할 수 있어야 한다. 또한, 적절한 영양 교육을 제공할 수 있어야 하며&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b42-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">42</xref>&#x0005d;, 비채식인에게는 채식주의 식단의 건강상 이점을 강조하고, 채식인에는 균형 잡힌 식단 계획을 강조함으로써 두 집단 간 긴장감을 완화하고 건강을 증진하는 데 도움을 주어야 한다.</p>
<p>한편, 지식수준과 채식주의 식단 채택 간 유의한 관계가 있었는데, 선행 연구에 따르면 채식 식단을 채택한 건강전문가의 경우 식단의 주요 이점과 생애주기의 다양한 단계에서 계획된 채식주의 식단의 적절성에 대해 비교적 잘 알고 있는 것으로 확인되었다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b42-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">42</xref>&#x0005d;. 이는 건강전문가조차 채식주의 식단의 건강 유익성에 대해 알지 못하기 때문에 일상에서 채식을 선택하지 않는 것을 시사하는 결과일 수 있다. 육식 위주 식단이 건강에 미치는 직접적인 영향뿐만 아니라 환경 문제를 통해 건강에 미치는 영향 또한 강조되고 있으므로&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b44-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">44</xref>&#x0005d;, 건강전문가는 채식주의 식단과 건강의 연관성에 대해 이해하고 있어야 한다. 양적 연구를 통해 현재 건강전문가가 채식주의 식단에 대해 어느 정도 알고 있는지 지식 수준을 확인하고, 질적 연구를 통해 채식주의 식단을 어떠한 입장과 태도로 바라보는지 파악하는 것부터 차근차근 단계를 밟아나가야 한다.</p>
<p>한편, 채식주의자는 이러한 어려움을 완화하기 위하여 다양한 협상 전략을 사용하고 있었다. 채식주의자는 채식 결혼식 등을 통해 비채식인이 채식을 긍정적으로 경험하게 함으로써 채식에 대한 고정관념을 깨고자 하였고&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>&#x0005d;, 비채식인과의 관계에서 느끼는 단절감과 소외감을 줄이기 위해 대립보다는 교육을 장려하여 채식주의자와 비채식인 모두의 체면을 유지하고자 하였으며&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>&#x0005d;, 식단에 대해 의견보다는 사실을 제시함으로써 통제력을 유지하고&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">25</xref>&#x0005d; 선택에 대한 정당성을 존중받고자 하였다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>&#x0005d;. 이처럼 채식주의자는 비채식인과 긍정적으로 상호작용하고자 다양한 전략을 사용하고 있었다. 이는 선행 연구에서 채식주의자가 비채식인과의 미래 만남을 대비한 대면을 사전에 준비함으로써 자신을 표현하고 정체성을 신뢰받고자 하며 낙인 찍히지 않을 수 있다고 밝힌 것과 유사한 결과이다&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b45-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">45</xref>&#x0005d;. 이러한 채식인의 숨은 노력에 건강관리자의 관심과 지원이 더해진다면 식사문화 소수자인 채식주의자가 자신을 편안히 드러내도록 도움으로써 그들이 정체성을 유지하고 신체적, 정신적 건강을 도모하는 데 도움이 될 것이다.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>3. 연구의 의의 및 제한점</title>
<p>채식주의 식단의 건강 유익성이 강조되고, 기후 변화에 대한 육류 소비의 기여와&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b44-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">44</xref>&#x0005d; 그로인한 건강 유해성이 널리 인정받고 있는 현 상황에서&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b46-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">46</xref>&#x0005d;, 음식문화 소수자로서 채식주의자의 식사경험은 어떠한지 파악하고 그들이 직면한 어려움에 대한 대안을 고려하는 것은 시의적절하다고 판단된다.</p>
<p>그러나 본 분석에 포함된 문헌이 각각 남성, 여성만을 대상으로 하거나 저자 본인만을 대상자로 하는 등 연구의 대상자가 상이함에 따라 채식주의자의 식사의 경험 및 채식주의자로서 겪는 어려움에 대한 내용이 공통으로 묶이는 부분이 많지 않았다. 또한, 12개 문헌 중 11개 문헌&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>&#x0005d;이 연구의 엄격성 확보를 위한 방법론적 근거를 제시하지 않았고, 본 분석에서 채식주의자의 채식 이유에 따른 차이를 분류하였으나 12개 문헌 중 4개 문헌&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">28</xref>&#x0005d;이 대상자의 채식 이유에 대한 내용을 기술하지 않아 8개 문헌만을 대상으로 파악하였다는 제한점이 있다. 채식주의 식단을 선택한 이유가 문화적 배경에 따라 다르며, 선택 동기가 건강 결과의 차이를 설명할 수 있다고 강조되고 있으므로&#x0005b;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b34-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">34</xref>&#x0005d; 추후 채식자의 식단 선택 이유에 대한 보다 많은 연구를 통해 문화권 간 비교분석이 이루어져야 한다.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>4. 결론 및 제언</title>
<p>본 연구에서 통합적 문헌고찰을 실시한 결과 채식주의자는 건강적, 환경적, 윤리적 이유로 채식을 하였다. 채식주의자는 채식을 통해 삶의 많은 부분의 전환을 경험하였고, 채식에 대한 고정관념, 비채식인의 저항으로 인한 단절감, 스스로 경계를 만듦, 딜레마 경험, 대인관계의 어려움, 외식의 어려움을 겪는 것으로 관찰되었으며, 비채식인과의 관계를 유지하고자 자신의 태도를 준비하고, 교육을 장려하고, 식단에 근거중심으로 접근함으로써 통제력을 유지하는 것으로 확인되었다.</p>
<p>본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 다음의 제언을 하고자 한다. RISS, KISS, KoreaMed 3개 데이터베이스와 Google Scholar에서 확인하였을 때 아직까지 국내에서 채식주의자 및 음식 문화 소수자의 식사경험에 대한 질적 연구는 이루어지지 않았다. 따라서 질적 연구의 엄격성 확보를 위한 방법론적 접근 하에 국내 채식주의자를 대상으로 식사경험의 의미와 어려움을 파악하는 질적 연구를 제언한다. 추가로 건강을 목적으로 채식하는 대상자와 환경, 윤리 및 기타 다른 사유로 채식하는 대상자를 구분하여 분석한다면 개별화된 대처방안을 마련하는 데 도움이 될 것이다. 나아가 채식주의자뿐만 아니라 다양한 음식문화의 소수자의 식사경험과 그들이 겪는 어려움을 파악하는 연구를 통해 음식문화의 소수자의 식사경험을 포괄적으로 이해하고 행복한 식사경험으로 전환을 촉진해야 할 것이다.</p>
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</sec>
</body>
<back>
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<sec sec-type="display-objects">
<title>Figure and Tables</title>
<fig id="f1-kjhp-2022-22-2-68" position="float">
<label>Fig. 1.</label><caption><p>Flow diagram.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="kjhp-2022-22-2-68f1.tif"/></fig>

<table-wrap id="t1-kjhp-2022-22-2-68" position="float">
<label>Table 1.</label>
<caption><p>The description of 12 eligible studies (n=12)</p></caption>
<table rules="groups" frame="hsides">
<thead><tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Study</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Title</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Participants</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Data collection</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Design, analysis method</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Reference of establishing rigour</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Lhamo [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">19</xref>] (2011)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Health, ethics and GNH-A qualitative study of vegetarian motivations</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">25 vegetarians</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Questionnaire through email, follow-up in-depth interviews</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">No description, the matic analysis using phenomenographic techniques [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b47-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">47</xref>]</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">N/A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Greenebaum [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>] (2012)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Managing impressions: &#x0201C;face-saving&#x0201D; strategies of vegetarians and vegans</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">18 vegans, 7 vegetarians, 1 raw food vegan (n=26)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Face-to-face interview, phone interviews [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b48-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">48</xref>]</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Grounded theory, inductive approach [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b49-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">49</xref>]</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">N/A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Greenebaum [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">21</xref>] (2012)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Veganism, identity and the quest for authenticity</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">16 vegans</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">In-depth interviews, face-to-face or phone interviews</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">No description, standard coding system</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">N/A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Edwards [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>] (2013)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Living in a minority food culture: a phenomenological investigation of being vegetarian/vegan</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Vegan and vegetarian (n=2)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">In-depth interviews, personal experiences as a vegetarian</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Phenomenology</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">N/A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Parks and Evans [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">23</xref>] (2014)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Dietary identities in higher education: attracting and accommodating vegetarian and vegan students</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Vegan and vegetarian students (n=6)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Asked via email to complete two in-person interviews</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Phenomenology used in first interview, [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b50-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">50</xref>] grounded theory used in second [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b49-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">49</xref>]</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Member checks</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Shapiro [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">24</xref>] (2015)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;I am a vegetarian&#x0201D;: reflections on a way of being</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">1 vegetarian author</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Author&#x02019;s reflection on (dialogue with) empirical findings and published personal accounts, interviews, and case studies</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Descriptive empirical phenomenology, [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b51-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">51</xref>] lifeworld approach, [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b52-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">52</xref>] reflection with dialogue</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">N/A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Mycek [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">25</xref>] (2018)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Meatless meals and masculinity: how veg* men explain their plant-based diets</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Vegan and vegetarian men (n=20)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Face-to-face interviews</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Inductive, grounded theory approach</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">N/A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Costa et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">26</xref>] (2019)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;More than a diet&#x0201D;: a qualitative investigation of young vegan women's relationship to food</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">10 vegan women</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Semi-structured interviews</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Phenomenology, interpretative phenomenological analysis [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b53-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">53</xref>]</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">N/A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Antonovici and Turliuc [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">27</xref>] (2020)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">A qualitative study of health-related beliefs and practices among vegetarians</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">20 vegetarians</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Semi-structured, face-to-face interview, questionnaire</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">No description using Tropes text analysis software (v. 8.2) and SPSS software (v. 24.0)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">N/A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Buttny and Kinefuchi [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">28</xref>] (2020)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Vegans&#x02019; problem stories: negotiating vegan identity in dealing with omnivores</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Vegans and vegetarian (n=7)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Focus group interviews</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Narratives using discursive constructionism, discursive analysis and critical discourse analysis [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b54-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">54</xref>]</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">N/A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Delia [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>] (2021)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">A vegetarian educator in a meat obsessed country</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">1 vegetarian author</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Reflecting on personal experiences, conversations, headnotes</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Autoethnography, transcribing and manually coding. Creating a thematic map and grouping similar concepts [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b55-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">55</xref>]</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">N/A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Aavik and Velgan [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>] (2021)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Vegan men's food and health practices: a recipe for a more health-conscious masculinity?</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">61 vegan males</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Qualitative narrative interviews</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Narrative qualitative, qualitative thematic analysis [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b56-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">56</xref>]</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">N/A</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn><p>Abbreviation: N/A, not applicable.</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>

<table-wrap id="t2-kjhp-2022-22-2-68" position="float">
<label>Table 2.</label>
<caption><p>Reasons why the subjects became vegetarians (n=12)</p></caption>
<table rules="groups" frame="hsides">
<thead><tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Meaning</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Themes</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Citations</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="6">Health benefits</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3">Realizing the health hazards of eating meat</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;I realized that eating animal products is a health risk for me. ... I looked at the causes of death in my family: cancer and heart disease. And then I realized that this risk is very important for all of us. It is totally irresponsible to consume meat in such quantities.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;the illness is related to a high fat and high cholesterol diet, so I decided to stop eating meat and I began to realize that there were other benefits both for myself and animals and the environment&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">24</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;Finding a strong link between the acquisition of antibiotic resistance and increased meat consumption gave reasonable justification to share my dietary choice to avoid meat and its by-products.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3">Science-based approach to nutrition in the vegetarian diet</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;I have spent countless hours reading about nutrition and different ingredients.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;&#x02026;for the protein question I think it's pretty scientifically evident that vegetables have protein.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">25</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;With a health and microbiology background, I feel my teaching is more research-based than coming from an ethical or animal justice standpoint&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="2">Environmental benefits</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="2">Want to reduce environmental impact</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">The main reason behind her vegan lifestyle is environmental. She stands by the idea of living a more sustainable life and leaving a minimal footprint. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">26</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;I started being more interested in environmental issues and I realized that my diet could have a lot of effects on the environment.&#x02026; I realized I had to at least do something to like walk the walk or whatever, so that's what I did.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">25</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="8">Ethical obligation</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3">Feeling connected to other living things</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;I am a person who feels a strong connection to other living things.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">24</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">She explains that eating meat has become too uncomfortable for her because the pain of thinking about eating what was once a live animal is too great. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;Vegan is the word that I'm going to protect with everything I have to keep that a belief and a topic and a label that says, you don't eat meat, you don't wear animals; that you live in a connected way to the world around you&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">21</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3">Thinking of vegetarianism for health as selfish</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;I have this sort of like bad attitude to like health veganism. I didn&#x02019;t like these sort of like selfish reasons like health reasons.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;I really do think focusing on &#x0201C;go vegan or at least partly vegan, for your health&#x0201D; rather than the ethical component of it, is a big mistake.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">21</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;If you are a health vegan, you're selfish&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">21</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="2">Feeling emotions</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;&#x02026; probably born with a greater level of compassion than other people.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">19</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;I knew inside I had a feeling, it felt wrong and I wanted to change [emphasis added].&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">25</xref>]</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</table-wrap>

<table-wrap id="t3-kjhp-2022-22-2-68" position="float">
<label>Table 3.</label>
<caption><p>The meaning of dinning experience (n=12)</p></caption>
<table rules="groups" frame="hsides">
<thead><tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Meaning</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Themes</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Citations</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="6">Feel healthy</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3">Feeling good for physical health</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;I had a blood test three months ago and my blood count was perfect, I wasn't low in iron or b12 and I know for a fact that I get enough protein&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">26</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;...certain affections that no longer occurred after following a vegetarian diet (e.g., digestive or skin issues, dizziness, gynecological issues).&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">27</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;I'm really proud of that. I don&#x02019;t take any medications for anything. And I don&#x02019;t need it. I don't have any cancer or diabetes or heart disease. I&#x02019;m really pretty healthy.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">21</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3">Feeling good for mental health</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;By not eating meat I feel so good mentally and physically&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">19</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;&#x02026;participants admitted having better moods and mental health status, given their self-contentment with the dietary choice.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">27</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;I am better I see food a lot differently and I see it as nourishing and healthy &#x02026; with the animals as well. I'm helping them yeah like I definitely see it as what I put in my body I am doing a good thing. When I eat vegan it makes me happy now because I'm like I feel good about what I'm eating yeah" [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">26</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="6">Establishing identity</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3">Vegetarianism reflects me</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;Veganism is like who I am now. It's like your morals, I am always thinking and it's like every decision&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">26</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;not eating meat is important to me and that is kind of a reflection of who I am&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;living as a vegetarian has its struggles to support such an identity when society may deem this lifestyle untraditional.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3">Feeling proud of dietary choice</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;I just have such a good feeling within myself for doing something right. . . I have met the goal that I have long been striving for. Finally, I am here and this is good for everyone. It makes me feel so good.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;It just makes me uncomfortable. But it&#x02019;s so good!&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;&#x02026; which was the first vegetarian wedding our guests had attended, creating a sense of pride that we maintained our beliefs.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="6">Transition to a healthy diet</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3">Started cooking</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;When I went vegan, it forced me to cook. And it forced me to like learn to make food and make everything myself.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;Basically, I eat raw food; I don't eat anything pre-processed. I buy all the raw ingredients and I make whatever I'm making.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">25</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;When I reached my teenage years, I began preparing my meat-free food&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="2">Prefer healthy food</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;Well, I just try to eat&#x02026; calculate my protein intake per day, because it's like 20 grams that your body can at one time take, the rest will turn into fat. ... So, there is enough protein and&#x02026; [&#x02026;]: I'm doing like really easy&#x02026; really easy dishes. Like typical pasta, sauce, really easy, and fast. [&#x02026;] So, it's really easy.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;I ate McDonalds four times a week... Now like I look at food differently, and probably more like&#x02026; I'm like &#x02018;oh yeah that's junk food, that's healthy food, that's good for your soul, that's gonna make me feel better than eating a massive pile of junk food&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">26</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">No longer obsessed with body image</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;Prior to going vegan, I was pretty obsessed with food and my weight and my image. &#x02026; I don't really think about it that much as long as it&#x02019;s vegan. I have a way healthier relationship with my body and I never weigh myself.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">26</xref>]</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</table-wrap>

<table-wrap id="t4-kjhp-2022-22-2-68" position="float">
<label>Table 4.</label>
<caption><p>The difficulties in dinning experience (n=12)</p></caption>
<table rules="groups" frame="hsides">
<thead><tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Experienced difficulties</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Themes</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Citations</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="6">Stereotypes about vegetarianism</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="4">Considered a restrictive diet</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;there seemed to be this idea that vegans are people who eat like wholegrain [foods] and carrots.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;they thought I was going to turn into this cruel stick and like not be able to eat anything but grass and lettuce.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">26</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;I think many non-vegetarians want to become vegetarians but they think they might become weak and unhealthy if they avoid eating meat&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">19</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;Remarkably many people assume I can eat only salads, and that my options are vegetables alone.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="2">Considered a complex diet</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">I'm doing like really easy&#x02026; really easy dishes. Like typical pasta, sauce, really easy, and fast. [&#x02026;] So, it's really easy.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">I watched a 40-minute video clip and learned what I have to pay attention to. I just follow this advice, and everything is fine. There&#x02019;s nothing complicated about it.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="8">Feeling disconnected due to resistance from non-vegetarians</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3">Non-vegetarian ignorance of vegetarianism</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x02018;&#x02018;I learned along the way that the majority of people have no idea how the animal gets to that plate. They are just completely ignorant about that&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;I don&#x02019;t know what to make for you&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">24</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;They always say, oh just eat it, it&#x02019;s not a big deal, but they don&#x02019;t understand what a big deal it really is to me.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3">Non-vegetarians don't want to hear</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;It can be really frustrating sitting at dinner with them while they are eating meat &#x02026; I can find it frustrating like the ignorance &#x02026; they do not want to learn. The information [on the ethical reasons behind veganism] is there and they do not want it and same for my family, I can feel really frustrated with them, I guess angry sometimes.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">26</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;I find more often than not, they don&#x02019;t want to know. People just don&#x02019;t want to know that what they are doing is wrong.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;&#x02026; when I start talking about it they just tell me to shut up.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="2">Non-vegetarians don't want change</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;And they don&#x02019;t want to have to change.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x02018;Yeah, what you are doing is a good thing, a positive thing, but I&#x02019;m not about to give up my steak.&#x02019; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">28</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="11">Set own boundaries by themselves</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3">Hypersensitive to others&#x02019; perceptions</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Vegetarians may become hypersensitive to others&#x02019; perceptions of them when discussing food, possibly causing them to refrain from speaking or acting as they normally would. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;The fear that others may worry about me, or that they may feel downright resentful that I choose not to eat their food, overcomes me whenever I see meat products presented or served.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Amanda apparently does not like her vegan identity being raised about her food choices. These complaints reflect what they perceive as the microaggressions for being vegan, such that both Jessica and Amanda recall these instances and present them as problematic. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">28</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="2">Assumes negative perceptions</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Sadly, this perceived exclusion could prohibit a vegetarian/vegan from being open to the possibility that others might not actually feel inconvenienced by their food choices. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Interestingly, she imagines that a vegan may be seen as forcing and judging others. These disclaimers reflect her anticipation of how vegans are generally perceived by omnivores. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">28</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3">Not open about themselves</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">When you decide to be vegan, you choose to in some ways marginalize yourself. &#x02026; because there&#x02019;s an assumption that you are not going to go along with it or you want to go along with it. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">George, a 44-year-old ethical vegan, did not like talking about his diet, even to me, with whom he&#x02019;d agreed to do an interview. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">25</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Amanda apparently does not like her vegan identity being raised about her food choices. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">28</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3">Sense of moral superiority</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;I think non-vegetarians are sly and hypocrite in nature because they don&#x02019;t like to kill but they love to eat meat.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">19</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;I am better than others as I see what others do not see or, worse, see but fail to act on.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">24</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Finally, as ethical vegans are concerned with animal rights and welfare, and concerned with issues beyond themselves, hey consider themselves to be more compassionate and humane. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">21</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="6">Experiencing a dilemma</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3">Conflicting of positions</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;they do it to cover up their own guilt and their cognitive-dissonance &#x02026; it [consuming and purchasing animal products] is not the right thing to do and they cannot really cope with it so instead they make fun [of veganism] and try to poke holes in the arguments of vegans.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">26</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">The act of becoming a vegetarian is an implicit criticism of an important aspect of the practices of non-vegetarians. The vegetarian&#x02019;s experience of the presence of the absence of animals is a continual challenge to the carnist&#x02019;s maintenance of the animal as absent referent. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">24</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Vegetarians, however, may think an abnormal amount about the origins of their food so much so that it makes the normal experience of meat as food an uncomfortable one. What is normal to most may be abnormal to a vegetarian. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3">Don't want to be someone who offends others</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;I asked my boyfriend not to tell any of his friends that I was a vegan. I would rather fend for myself than have them worry about me all weekend.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;I guess I just feel like it&#x02019;s such a personal choice. Like choosing to not eat meat is somehow condemning that they do eat meat, and that they&#x02019;re a terrible person or I don&#x02019;t agree with their choices, and that just opens up a whole can of worms.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;once somebody feels like you&#x02019;re saying that &#x02018;they&#x02019;re making a bad choice&#x02019; or &#x02018;they&#x02019;re hurting the animals&#x02019; or &#x02018;you&#x02019;re making a better choice than them&#x02019; &#x02026; it doesn&#x02019;t make you feel good.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">28</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="8">Difficulties in interpersonal relationships</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3">Feeling left out</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;Campus events involving food also left participants feeling excluded&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">23</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;The primary identification as vegetarian can lead to a sense of meaning and purpose or to a sense of marginalization and alienation.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">24</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">This experience of being left to traverse the rugged path towards each meal by yourself can produce a sense of loneliness. Sure, there are people around you, so you are not physically alone, but you are alone in your thoughts and feelings, which can make it difficult to feel connected to your surroundings. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="2">Forced to eat meat</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;Participants also reported that their non-vegetarian friends and relatives often urge them to eat meat to avoid falling sick&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">19</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">The boss invites his incipient vegetarian employee to lunch at the local seafood restaurant. &#x0201C;You are not going to eat the fish? That&#x02019;s the specialty of the house!&#x0201D; &#x0201C;I don&#x02019;t eat fish; I have nothing but respect for fish.&#x0201D; Such a response is not conducive to maintaining or furthering a good professional relationship, as it is necessarily at odds with others&#x02019; positions. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">24</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3">Experiencing negative attention</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;I find the topic usually comes up when we are eating. It&#x02019;s not really a table discussion because you are going to start grossing people out and so I try to deflect and a lot of times I say lets talk about this when we are done eating because I&#x02019;m going to ruin your meal.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;My husband's father taunts him by placing meat on his plate, stating &#x0201C;I think you forgot the taste.&#x0201D; Such insults, even jokingly trigger bitter feelings and hostility towards others.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;When my dad, I don&#x02019;t know why he told people at his work, but he told a few people at his work that I was vegan and then a bunch of them were apologizing like &#x02018;I&#x02019;m so sorry&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">28</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="6">Difficulty eating out</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3">Lack of information about vegetarian food</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;But a lot of times, they would say, &#x0201C;Well, we don't have the packagingfor this,&#x0201D; or they wouldfind the packaging, and it doesn't [sic] list the ingredients.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">23</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;When I go in dining halls, I don't even bother asking, because I feel like if I were to say, &#x02018;Does this have butter or milk in it?&#x02019; the staff would probably just be annoyed at me or simply not know. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">23</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;&#x02026; as although all foods should be labelled, they rarely are. Asking the catering staff for the food ingredients is fruitless.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3">Fewer options</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;there weren't good vegetarian options. I ate a lot of carbs. Tofu was rarely available. I ate a lot of French fries." [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">23</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;Vegetarians are assumed to have fewer food options (especially when they go out to eat) and are now more attentive to the specific products they buy.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">27</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;When dining out in Malta, vegetarian options were minimal; almost every dish included meat, even salads contained a form of meat, such as ham, chicken or bacon, so joining others to dine out was problematic without planning.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>]</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</table-wrap>

<table-wrap id="t5-kjhp-2022-22-2-68" position="float">
<label>Table 5.</label>
<caption><p>Negotiation method related to difficulties in dining</p></caption>
<table rules="groups" frame="hsides">
<thead><tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle">Meanings</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Themes</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Citations</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3">Attempting to break the stereotype of non-vegetarians</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3">Providing a positive experience</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;Which was the first vegetarian wedding our guests had attended, creating a sense of pride that we maintained our beliefs.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;I helped him shop, then we went to have lunch together and I helped him to choose the right foods&#x02026; His cholesterol levels had fallen lower than ever before, to a completely normal range&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;I think what worked really well for us was giving them something that they can do that would make a difference. [Inform them] that what they ate the next day would make a difference.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="10">Avoiding confrontation with non-vegetarians</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="2">Not forcing vegetarian diet</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;I try to hit a middle ground. I sort of hint at some of the things: &#x02018;&#x02018;If you knew&#x02026;,&#x02019;&#x02019; which gives them a chance to say &#x02018;&#x02018;I want to know.&#x02019;&#x02019; &#x02018;&#x02018;But it doesn&#x02019;t force it down their throats.&#x02019;&#x02019; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;Food is so personal that you cannot force someone&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">28</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3">Not judging non-vegetarians</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;I don&#x02019;t judge them or say you have to be this or that.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x02018;I&#x02019;m vegan just to let you know but I&#x02019;m not going to force it on you&#x02019; I had to clarify it for her &#x02018;I&#x02019;m not going to judge you&#x02019; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">28</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;Being &#x02018;approachable&#x02019; is presumably refraining from criticizing or preaching about the health, environ- mental or ethical aspects of meat eating.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">28</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="2">Avoiding being an extremist</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;I do not want to be the crazy animal rights lady telling everyone that what they are doing is wrong.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Jessica&#x02019;s solution, &#x02018;just do your thing&#x02019;, suggests that veganism is merely an individual choice we all make about eating, rather than part of a social movement for animal welfare. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">28</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3">Promoting education rather than confrontation</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Promoting education over confrontation enables all involved in the conversation to &#x02018;&#x02018;save face.&#x02019;&#x02019; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;I think what worked really well for us was giving them something that they can do that would make a difference.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;It feels liberating to teach in something I believe and pass on information for others to make conscious choices, especially when most of them rarely meet vegetarians.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="7">Approaching with a gentle attitude</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="3">Leading by example</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;Ah, this Timo guy changed so I can also change and why not and he seems to be so healthy so it can't be wrong&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Vegans should &#x02018;lead by example and inform people when they want it&#x02019; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">28</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;Leading by example is the best way. The more and more people in the limelight who are successful and live that way, the more people will follow." [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="2">Waiting for the right time</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x02018;&#x02018;If somebody says to me, I&#x02019;d like to find out more, then yeah, I&#x02019;d gladly tell them. But you can&#x02019;t change someone&#x02019;s view over one dinner conversation, especially if they don&#x02019;t want to hear about it to begin with.&#x02019;&#x02019; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;I think the best approach that I&#x02019;ve seen is just leading by example and informing people when they want it&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">28</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="2">Finding common interests</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;You should be vegan for selfish reasons&#x02014;to avoid all the shit that happens to you, as a meat eater. Don&#x02019;t even think about the animals or their welfare&#x02014;think about your own welfare&#x02026; They should become vegan for no other reason [than health].&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Comparing one&#x02019;s dietary choices to other restrictive food diets (in the case of allergies or religion) may relieve a sense of loneliness a vegetarian feels on the outside of a culture for which meat is food. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="4">Keeping one's control</td>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="2">Evidence-based approaching</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Dan, specifically, tries to maintain control by presenting &#x0201C;facts&#x0201D; that are presumably more respected than &#x0201C;opinions.&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">25</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;Finding a strong link between the acquisition of antibiotic resistance and increased meat consumption gave reasonable justification to share my dietary choice to avoid meat and its by-products&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="2">Solidify one's position</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;I maintain a vegetarian belief through constant reminders of animal injustice through animal liberation groups and research in alternative food sources&#x0201D; [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">The vegetarian w hose position is crystallized is comfortable saying to others, &#x0201C;I am a vegetarian&#x0201D; and, more, &#x0201C;I like being a vegetarian.&#x0201D; &#x02026; she does so in the natural course of interaction, without the press of having a social agenda. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">24</xref>]</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<app-group>
<app id="app1-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">
<label>Appendix 1.</label>
<title>Studies included in this review</title>
<table-wrap id="t6-kjhp-2022-22-2-68" position="float">
<table rules="groups" frame="hsides">
<thead><tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle"></th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Title</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Lhamo [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">19</xref>] (2011)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Health, Ethics and GNH-a qualitative study of vegetarian motivations</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Greenebaum [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>] (2012)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Managing impressions: &#x0201C;face-saving&#x0201D; strategies of vegetarians and vegans</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Greenebaum [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">21</xref>] (2012)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Veganism, identity and the quest for authenticity</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Edwards [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>] (2013)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Living in a minority food culture: a phenomenological investigation of being vegetarian/vegan</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Parks and Evans [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">23</xref>] (2014)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Dietary identities in higher education</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Shapiro [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">24</xref>] (2015)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;I am a vegetarian&#x0201D;: reflections on a way of being</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Mycek [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">25</xref>] (2018)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Meatless meals and masculinity: how veg* men explain their plant-based diets</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Costa et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">26</xref>] (2019)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">&#x0201C;More than a diet&#x0201D;: a qualitative investigation of young vegan women's relationship to food</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Antonovici and Turliuc [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">27</xref>] (2020)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">A qualitative study of health-related beliefs and practices among vegetarians</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Buttny and Kinefuchi [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">28</xref>] (2020)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Vegans&#x02019; problem stories: negotiating vegan identity in dealing with omnivores</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Delia [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>] (2021)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">A vegetarian educator in a meat obsessed country</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Aavik and Velgan [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>] (2021)</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Vegan men's food and health practices: a recipe for a more health-conscious masculinity?</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</table-wrap>
</app>

<app id="app2-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">
<label>Appendix 2.</label>
<title>Quality appraisal of selected studies</title>
<table-wrap id="t7-kjhp-2022-22-2-68" position="float">
<table rules="groups" frame="hsides">
<thead><tr>
<th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="3"></th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="6">Section A<hr/></th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3">Section B<hr/></th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Section C<hr/></th>
</tr><tr>
<th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="6">Are the results valid?<hr/></th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3">What are the results?<hr/></th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Will the results help locally?<hr/></th>
</tr><tr>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Q1</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Q2</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Q3</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Q4</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Q5</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Q6</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Q7</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Q8</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Q9</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle">Q10</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Lhamo [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">19</xref>] (2011)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Can&#x02019;t tell</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Can&#x02019;t tell</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Can&#x02019;t tell</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Can&#x02019;t tell</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Can&#x02019;t tell</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Identifies health benefits and factors that are associated with vegetarianism</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Greenebaum [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">20</xref>] (2012)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Adds to research on impression management, social interactions between ideologically opposed groups and food ethics</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Greenebaum [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">21</xref>]</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Examines norms and values of those identifying as vegan and discrepancies between motives and perspectives</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Edwards [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">22</xref>] (2013)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Can&#x02019;t tell</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Can&#x02019;t tell</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Can&#x02019;t tell</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Can&#x02019;t tell</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">No</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Provides information about the lived experiences and difficulties vegetarians and vegans face</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Parks and Evans [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">23</xref>] (2014)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Can&#x02019;t tell</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Can&#x02019;t tell</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Suggests improvements and policies that may help accommodate vegan and vegetarian students in university settings</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Shapiro [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">24</xref>] (2015)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Can&#x02019;t tell</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Can&#x02019;t tell</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Can&#x02019;t tell</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Can&#x02019;t tell</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">May contribute to in-depth knowledge of vegetarian experiences</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Mycek [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">25</xref>] (2018)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Can&#x02019;t tell</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Can&#x02019;t tell</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Can&#x02019;t tell</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Provides foundation for future research on perspectives of vegetarians</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Costa et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">26</xref>] (2019)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Findings can contribute to psychosocial health of women while promoting the healing potential of veganism</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Antonovici and Turliuc [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">27</xref>] (2020)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Can&#x02019;t tell</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Provides insight into health-related beliefs and practices of a vegetarian diet</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Buttny and Kinefuchi [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">28</xref>] (2020)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Can&#x02019;t tell</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Can&#x02019;t tell</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Provides first hand experiences of vegans as a minority in the dominant food culture</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Delia [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">29</xref>] (2021)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Can&#x02019;t tell</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Can&#x02019;t tell</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Contributes to the gap of knowledge about vegetarianism in education</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left">Aavik and Velgan [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-kjhp-2022-22-2-68">30</xref>] (2021)</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Can&#x02019;t tell</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">Yes</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">Findings contribute to existing knowledge of veganism from a male perspective, and may be transferable to the larger vegan population</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn><p>Q1. Was there a clear statement of the aims of the research? Q2. Is a qualitative methodology appropriate? Q3. Was the research design appropriate to address the aims of the research? Q4. Was the recruitment strategy appropriate to the aims of the research? Q5. Was the data collected in a way that addressed the research issue? Q6. Has the relationship between researcher and participants been adequately considered? Q7. Have ethical issues been taken into consideration? Q8. Was the data analysis sufficiently rigorous? Q9. Is there a clear statement of findings? Q10. How valuable is the research?</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</app>
</app-group>
</back></article>