Korean J Health Promot KJHP Korean Journal of Health Promotion 2234-2141 2093-5676 Korean Society for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention 10.15384/kjhp.2017.17.4.234 Original Article Association of Metabolic Syndrome with Whole Milk and Low Fat Milk: Using Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2015 Moon Hyun-Chul Choi Da-Hye Lee Tae-Young Kim Taek-Young An Young-In Park Seong-Jee Jung Myung-Chul Department of Family Medicine, Daejeon Veterans Hospital, Daejeon, Korea. Corresponding author: Da-Hye Choi, MS, MD. Department of Family Medicine, Daejeon Veterans Hospital, 147 Daecheong-ro 82beon-gil, Daedeok-gu, Daejeon 34314, Korea. Tel: +82-42-939-0314, Fax: +82-42-939-0567, lovejerry55@naver.com 12 2017 28 12 2017 17 4 234 241 28 09 2017 16 11 2017 Copyright © 2017 Korean Society for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention 2017 Korean Society for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Background

Korean milk consumption and low-fat milk sales are steadily increasing. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of metabolic syndrome according to the type of milk.

 Methods

The subjects included 5,553 persons who aged 19 to 64 years, from the data of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2013–2015. All subjects were divided by intake of type of milk that are ‘whole milk intake group’, ‘low-fat milk intake group’ and ‘no milk intake grou’p. And the subects were classified as 19-39 years old and 40-64 years old. In order to check differences of demo-sociographic characteristics and metabolic risk factors in three groups, the data was analyzed by chi-square test, t-test and binary logistic regression analysis.

 Results

For subjects aged 40–64, whole milk intake group had lower relevance with metabolic syndrome than no milk intake group (odds ratio [OR] 0.807, P=0.035, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.660–0.985). But low fat milk intake group was't relevant (OR 0.879, P=0.350, 95% CI 0.670–1.152). Looking at the 19-39 year-old subjects, whole milk and low fat milk intake group were not associated with metaboic syndrome (OR 1.023, P=0.911, 95% CI 0.686–1.525; OR 1.547, P=0.103, 95% CI 0.915–2.617).

 Conclusions

The results of this study show that whole milk intake is less relevant to the metabolic syndrome than no milk intake. Low fat milk intake was not relevant. More researches are needed to determine the effects of low fat milk and whole milk on metabolic syndrome.

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Abbreviation: KNHANES, the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

 General characteristics and metabolic risk factors of all subjects

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HDL, high density lipoprotein.

Values are presented as weighted percent±standard error percent or mean±standard error.

 Comparison of metabolic risk factors between three categories of subjects by milk intake

Abbreviation: HDL, high density lipoprotein.

Values are presented as weighted percent±standard error percent. P-values were obtained by χ2-test.

 Comparison of metabolic risk factors according to sex and milk intake

Abbreviation: HDL, high density lipoprotein.

Values are presented as weighted percent±standard error percent. P-values were obtained by χ2-test.

 Binary logistic regression analysis for metabolic syndrome by age group

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

P-values were obtained by binary logistic regression analysis adjusted for sex, smoking, drinking and physical activity.